As we all know, the British ARM company is the leader in the world of embedded microprocessors. ARM has always developed its own microprocessor core architecture, and then licensed the intellectual property rights of these architectures to various chip manufacturers. The streamlined CPU architecture, efficient processing capabilities and successful business model have made ARM a great success. It quickly occupied most of the market share of 32-bit embedded microprocessors.
At present, as the requirements for embedded systems are getting higher and higher, the comprehensive performance of the embedded microprocessor as its core is also being increasingly severely tested. Nowadays, the processing power of a high-end smart phone is almost comparable to that of a notebook computer a few years ago. quite. In order to meet the needs of the market, ARM is also stepping up research and development of their latest ARM architecture, the Cortex series is such a product. So today we might as well take a good look at the summary of the knowledge points of the ARM Cortex series processors.
ARM's products after the classic processor ARM11 are named after Cortex and are divided into three categories: A, R and M, aiming to provide services for a variety of different markets.
1. Cortex-A: For cutting-edge virtual memory-based operating systems and user applications
2. Cortex-R: for real-time systems
3. Cortex-M: Microcontroller
ARM Cortex series processors-Cortex-A
The ARM Cortex-A series is a series of application processors for complex operating systems and user applications. Cortex-A series processors support ARM, Thumb and Thumb-2 instruction sets.
RM's Cortex-A series processors are suitable for applications that have high computing requirements, run rich operating systems, and provide interactive media and graphics experience.
As shown in the figure, the green part is the v7-A architecture, and the blue one is the v8-A architecture. Basically, the green part can support 32 and 64 bits, except for A32, which only supports 32 bits. In each part on the right, for example, the top part A15-A73 that requires high performance is the most efficient, and then the part that pays more attention to the overall efficiency, the middle part is more efficient, and the bottom column The one with the best efficiency has reached the best standard in terms of battery performance.
If you have to give them a sort, from high to low, they can be sorted roughly as follows: Cortex-A73 processor, Cortex-A72 processor, Cortex-A57 processor, Cortex-A53 processor, Cortex-A35 processor, Cortex -A32 processor, Cortex-A17 processor, Cortex-A15 processor, Cortex-A7 processor, Cortex-A9 processor, Cortex-A8 processor, Cortex-A5 processor.
ARM Cortex series processors-Cortex-MThe Cortex-M processor family focuses more on the low-performance side, but these processors are still very powerful compared to the traditional processors used by many microcontrollers. For example, Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M7 processors are used in many high-performance microcontroller products, and the maximum clock frequency can reach 400Mhz.
Of course, performance is not the only indicator for choosing a processor. In many applications, low power consumption and cost are key selection criteria. Therefore, the Cortex-M processor family includes a variety of products to meet different needs:
Unlike old classic ARM processors (for example, ARM7TDMI, ARM9), Cortex-M processors have a very different architecture. E.g:
-Only supports ARM Thumb instructions, has been extended to support both 16-bit and 32-bit instructions Thumb-2 version
—The built-in nested vector interrupt control is responsible for interrupt processing, automatically processing interrupt priority, interrupt masking, interrupt nesting and system exception handling.
-The interrupt handling function can be programmed in standard C language, and the nested interrupt handling mechanism avoids the use of software to determine which interrupt needs to be responded to. At the same time, the interrupt response speed is deterministic and low latency.
-The vector table changes from jump instructions to the start address of interrupt and system exception handling functions.
-The register bank and some programming modes have also been changed.
These changes mean that many assembly codes written for classic ARM processors need to be modified, and old projects need to be modified and recompiled before they can be migrated to Cortex-M products.
ARM Cortex series processors-Cortex-RR4: The first embedded real-time processor based on the ARMv7-R system. Dedicated to large-capacity deep embedded system-on-chip applications, such as hard disk drive controllers, wireless baseband processors, consumer product mobile phone MTK platforms, and electronic control units for automotive systems.
R5: Introduced in 2010, based on the ARMv7-R system, it expands the function set of the Cortex-R4 processor, supports a higher level of system performance, improves efficiency and reliability, and strengthens error management in a reliable real-time system. These system-level functions include high-priority low-latency peripheral port (LLPP) and accelerator coherency port (ACP). The former is used for fast peripheral read and write, and later used to improve efficiency and achieve more reliable high-speed with external data sources. Cache consistency.
Based on the 40 nm G process, the Cortex-R5 processor can operate at a frequency of nearly 1 GHz, at which time it can provide 1,500 Dhrystone MIPS performance. The processor provides a highly flexible and effective dual-cycle local memory interface, allowing SoC designers to minimize system cost and power consumption.
R7: Cortex-R7 processor is the highest performance Cortex-R series processor. It is the standard for high-performance real-time SoC. The Cortex-R7 processor is designed for the realization of advanced chip technology based on 65 nm to 28 nm. In addition, its design focuses on improving energy efficiency, real-time responsiveness, advanced functions and simplifying system design. Based on the 40 nm G process, the Cortex-R7 processor can run at frequencies exceeding 1 GHz, at which time it can provide the performance of 2700 Dhrystone MIPS. The processor provides a flexible local memory system that supports tightly coupled memory (TCM) local shared memory and peripheral ports, allowing SoC designers to achieve high standards of hard real-time requirements within limited chip resources.
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