(60) Public emergency prevention and rapid disposal Key research and development Individual biometric identification, evidence source tracing, rapid screening and verification technology and simulation prediction technology, remote location tracking, real-time monitoring, partition identification and rapid disposal technology and equipment, Fire detection technology and equipment for high-rise and underground buildings, remote detection technology and equipment for explosives, drugs and other contraband and nuclear and bioterrorism sources, as well as on-site disposal protection technology and equipment.
(61) Biosafety protection focuses on rapid, sensitive, specific monitoring and detection techniques, chemical agents in vivo metabolite detection technology, new high-efficiency disinfectants and rapid disinfection techniques, filter protection technologies, hazardous media identification and control technologies, and biology Intrusion prevention and control technology for vaccines and immune adjuvants, anti-toxins and drugs for sudden biological events.
(62) Major natural disaster monitoring and defense research and development Key technologies for monitoring, early warning and emergency response such as earthquakes, typhoons, rainstorms, floods, geological disasters, monitoring and early warning technologies for major disasters such as forest fires, dam breaks, and dangerous dykes, and major Natural disaster comprehensive risk analysis and assessment technology.
11. In the history of national defense and major special projects, the implementation of several major projects represented by “two bombs and one starâ€, manned spaceflight and hybrid rice has played a vital role in improving overall national strength. The United States, Europe, Japan, and South Korea have all organized important special programs around national targets as an important measure to improve national competitiveness.
While defining a set of priority themes in key areas, this outline focuses on national goals, further highlights key points, selects a number of major strategic products, key common technologies or major projects as major special projects, and gives full play to the advantages of the socialist system to concentrate on major issues. And the role of the market mechanism, strive to achieve breakthroughs, and strive to achieve a partial leap in the development of science and technology to drive the development of productivity, and fill the gap in the national strategy. To determine the basic principles of major special projects: First, closely integrate the major needs of economic and social development, and cultivate strategic industries that have core independent intellectual property rights and have a significant role in promoting the independent innovation capability of enterprises; The overall improvement is a key common technology with overall impact and strong driving force; the third is to solve the major bottleneck problem that restricts economic and social development; the fourth is to reflect the combination of military and civilian, and to integrate the military with the people, which is of great strategic significance for safeguarding national security and enhancing overall national strength. The fifth is in line with China's national conditions, and the national strength can withstand it. In accordance with the above principles, a number of major special projects have been identified around the development of high-tech industries, the promotion of upgrading of traditional industries, the resolution of bottlenecks in the development of the national economy, the improvement of people's health and the security of the country. The implementation of major special projects will be initiated on a case-by-case basis according to the maturity of the country's development needs and implementation conditions. At the same time, according to changes in national strategic needs and development situation, major special projects are dynamically adjusted and implemented step by step. For major projects targeting strategic products, we must give full play to the main role of enterprises in research and development and investment, take the research and development of major equipment as the entry point for technological innovation, and more effectively use market mechanisms to allocate scientific and technological resources. Guiding input is mainly used for key core technologies.
Major projects are to achieve national goals. Through core technological breakthroughs and resource integration, major strategic products, key common technologies and major projects completed within a certain time limit are the top priority of China's science and technology development. The "Planning Outline" identifies core electronic devices, high-end general-purpose chips and basic software, extremely large-scale integrated circuit manufacturing technology and complete sets of processes, next-generation broadband wireless mobile communications, high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing technologies, large-scale oil and gas fields and coalbed methane development, Large-scale advanced pressurized water reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, water pollution control and treatment, breeding of new varieties of genetically modified organisms, major new drug creation, prevention and control of major infectious diseases such as AIDS and viral hepatitis, large aircraft, high-resolution Earth observation systems, There are 16 major special projects such as manned space flight and lunar exploration project, involving strategic industries such as information and biology, major urgent issues such as energy and resource environment and people's health, as well as military-civilian dual-use technology and national defense technology.
V. Frontier technology Frontier technology refers to the forward-looking, pioneering and exploratory major technologies in the high-tech field. It is an important foundation for the future development of high-tech upgrading and emerging industries, and is a comprehensive reflection of the country's high-tech innovation capabilities. The main principles of choosing cutting-edge technology: First, it represents the development direction of the world's high-tech frontier. Second, it has a leading role in the formation and development of the country's future emerging industries. The third is to facilitate the upgrading of industrial technology and achieve leapfrog development. Fourth, it has a good talent team and research and development. Based on the above principles, it is necessary to deploy a number of cutting-edge technologies ahead of time, give play to the leading role of science and technology to lead future development, and improve China's high-tech research and development capabilities and the international competitiveness of the industry.
1. Biotechnology Biotechnology and life sciences will become an important driving force for the new technological revolution in the 21st century. Genomics and proteomics research is leading the development of biotechnology to systematic research. Genomic sequencing and gene structure analysis have turned to functional genomics research and the discovery and application of functional genes; molecular orientation design and construction of drugs, animal and plant varieties have become an important direction of germplasm and drug research; biochips, stem cells and tissue engineering, etc. Research and application of cutting-edge technology has given birth to major breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment and regenerative medicine. Critical breakthroughs must be made in functional genomics, proteomics, stem cells, therapeutic ridge tissue engineering, biocatalysis and transformation technologies.
advanced technology:
(1) The discovery of target technology targets is of great significance for the development of innovative drugs, biological diagnostics and biotherapeutic technologies. It focuses on the large-scale identification of key gene functions and their regulatory networks in physiological and pathological processes, breaking through the functional recognition, expression regulation and target screening and confirmation techniques of disease-related genes, and the new drug creation technology from gene to drug.
(2) Animal and plant varieties and drug molecular design techniques Animal and plant varieties and drug molecular design are based on molecular docking, molecular modeling and molecular design techniques for the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. Focus on protein and cell dynamic process bioinformatics analysis, integration, simulation technology, animal and plant variety and drug virtual design technology, animal and plant variety growth and drug metabolism engineering simulation technology, computer-aided combination compound library design, synthesis and screening technologies.
(3) Gene manipulation and protein engineering technology Gene manipulation technology is a key technology for the utilization of genetic resources. Protein engineering is an important way to efficiently use gene products. Focus on the high-efficiency expression of genes and their regulation techniques, chromosome structure and localization integration technology, artificial design and transformation technology of coding protein genes, modification and modification of protein peptide chains, protein structure analysis technology, protein scale separation and purification technology.
(4) Stem cell-based human tissue engineering technology Stem cell technology can culture stem cells in vitro, and induce differentiation into various tissue cells for clinical needs, and can also construct human organs in vitro for replacement and repair treatment. Focus on research on therapeutic cloning technology, stem cell in vitro construction and orientation induction technology, human body structure in vitro construction and large-scale production technology, human multi-cell complex structure tissue construction and defect repair technology and bio-manufacturing technology.
(5) A new generation of industrial biotechnology Biocatalysis and biotransformation are the mainstay of a new generation of industrial biotechnology. Focus on large-scale screening technology of functional strains, biocatalyst directional transformation technology, biocatalytic technology system for large-scale industrial production, clean conversion medium creation technology and industrialized complete conversion technology.
2. Information technology Information technology will continue to develop in the main directions of high performance, low cost, ubiquitous computing and intelligence. Seeking new computing and processing methods and physical implementation is a major challenge in the future information technology field. The interdisciplinary integration of nanotechnology, biotechnology and cognitive science will promote the development of “human-centered†information technology based on biometrics based on image and natural language understanding, and promote innovation in many fields. Focus on low-cost self-organizing networks, personalized intelligent robots and human-computer interaction systems, highly flexible data networks that are protected from attacks, and advanced information security systems.
advanced technology:
(6) IntelliSense technology focuses on "human-centered" intelligent information processing and control technology based on biometrics, understanding of natural language and dynamic images, Chinese information processing; research on biometrics, intelligent transportation and other related fields System technology.
(7) Self-organizing network technology focuses on self-organizing mobile network, self-organizing computing network, self-organizing storage network, self-organizing sensor network and other technologies, low-cost real-time information processing system, multi-sensor information fusion technology, personalized human-machine Interactive interface technology, as well as highly flexible data networks and advanced information security systems; research on self-organizing intelligent systems and personal intelligence systems.
(8) Virtual reality technology focuses on multidisciplinary technologies such as electronics, psychology, control science, computer graphics, database design, real-time distribution systems and multimedia technologies, researching medicine, entertainment, art and education, military and industrial manufacturing. Management and other virtual reality technologies and systems in related fields.
3. New material technology New material technology will be green to the structural and functional combination of materials, intelligent functional materials, integration of materials and devices, preparation and use. Break through modern material design, evaluation, characterization and advanced preparation and processing technology, develop nano-materials and devices on the basis of nano-science research, develop special functional materials such as superconducting materials, smart materials, energy materials, and develop super-structure materials, new-generation optoelectronics New materials such as information materials.
advanced technology:
(9) Intelligent materials and structural technology Intelligent materials and intelligent structures are smart or intelligent structural systems that integrate sensing, control, and driving (execution) functions. Focus on the research of intelligent material preparation and processing technology, intelligent structure design and preparation technology, monitoring and failure control technology of key equipment.
(10) High-temperature superconducting technology focuses on new high-temperature superconducting materials and preparation technology, superconducting cables, superconducting machines, high-efficiency superconducting devices; research on superconducting biomedical devices, high-temperature superconducting filters, high-temperature superconducting nondestructive testing Sensitive detectors such as devices and scanning magnetic microscopes.
(11) Efficient energy materials technology focuses on solar cell related materials and key technologies, fuel cell key material technology, high-capacity hydrogen storage material technology, high-efficiency secondary battery materials and key technologies, supercapacitor key materials and preparation technology, and development of high efficiency Energy conversion and energy storage material systems. 4. Advanced Manufacturing Technology Advanced manufacturing technology will develop in the direction of informationization, limit and green, and become the basis for future manufacturing and the key to sustainable development. Focus on breakthrough manufacturing, system integration and synergy technology, intelligent manufacturing and application technology, design verification technology for complete equipment and systems, system design technology for large complex systems and equipment based on high reliability.
advanced technology:
(12) Extreme manufacturing technology Extreme manufacturing refers to the manufacture of devices and functional systems of extreme scale (extra large or small scale) or extremely high functions under extreme conditions or environments. Focus on micro-nano electromechanical systems, micro-nano manufacturing, ultra-precision manufacturing, giant system manufacturing and strong field manufacturing related design, manufacturing processes and testing techniques.
(13) Intelligent Service Robot The intelligent service robot is a variety of high-tech integrated intelligent equipment that provides necessary services for human beings in an unstructured environment. Focusing on the application needs of service robots and dangerous work robots, we study common basic technologies such as design methods, manufacturing processes, intelligent control and application system integration.
(14) Major products and major facility life prediction technology Major products and major facility life prediction technologies are key technologies to improve operational reliability, safety and maintainability. Research on component design and prototyping control and optimization techniques for component materials, knowledge-based modeling and manufacturing process modeling and simulation techniques, manufacturing process online inspection and evaluation techniques, component life prediction technology, major products, complex systems and significant Facility reliability, safety and life prediction technology.
5. Advanced Energy Technology The main direction of future energy technology development is economic, efficient, clean utilization and new energy development. The development of technologies such as the fourth-generation nuclear energy system, advanced nuclear fuel cycle, and fusion energy has received increasing attention; hydrogen, as an ideal energy carrier that can be obtained from a variety of sources, will bring new changes to the clean use of energy; Flexible fuel cell power and distributed energy supply systems will provide a new and important form of energy utilization for the terminal. Focus on large-scale hydrogen energy utilization and distributed energy supply systems, advanced nuclear energy and nuclear fuel cycle technologies, and develop high-efficiency, clean and near-zero carbon dioxide fossil energy development and utilization technologies, and low-cost, high-efficiency new renewable energy technologies.
advanced technology:
(15) Hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology focus on high-efficiency and low-cost fossil energy and renewable energy hydrogen production technologies, cost-effective hydrogen storage and distribution technology, fuel cell based key component preparation and stack integration technology, fuel cell power generation and Vehicle power system integration technology to form hydrogen energy and fuel cell technical specifications and standards.
(16) Distributed energy supply technology Distributed energy supply system is an important way to provide flexible and energy-saving integrated energy services for end users. Focus on breakthroughs in energy conversion technologies, energy storage technologies, and integrated technologies for thermoelectric cooling systems based on fossil energy-based micro-sized gas turbines and new thermal cycles, forming a distributed hybrid based on renewable energy and fossil energy, and micro-small gas turbines and fuel cells. Terminal energy supply system.
(17) Fast neutron reactor technology Fast neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor that causes fission chain reaction of nuclear nucleus and can realize nuclear fuel proliferation. It can make full use of uranium resources and can deal with the long life of thermal reactor nuclear power plant production. Radioactive waste. Research and master the fast reactor design and core technology, related nuclear fuel and structural materials technology, break through the key technologies such as sodium cycle, and build a 65MW experimental fast reactor to achieve critical and grid-connected power generation.
(18) Magnetic confinement nuclear fusion takes the opportunity to participate in the construction and research of the international thermonuclear fusion experimental reactor, focusing on large-scale superconducting magnet technology, microwave heating and driving technology, neutral beam injection heating technology, cladding technology, and large crucible Real-time separation and purification techniques, divertor technology, numerical simulation, plasma control and diagnostic techniques, key material technologies required for demonstration reactors, and deepening of high-temperature plasma physics and some energy-oriented non-Tokemark pathways the study.
6. Marine technology attaches great importance to the development of multi-functional, multi-parameter and long-term marine integrated development technologies to enhance the comprehensive technical capabilities of deep sea operations. Focus on research and development of natural gas hydrate exploration and development technology, oceanic metal mineral resources submarine gathering and transportation technology, on-site efficient extraction technology and large-scale offshore engineering technology.
advanced technology:
(19) Stereoscopic monitoring technology for marine environment The three-dimensional monitoring technology for marine environment is a technology for simultaneous monitoring of marine environmental elements in the air, shore station, water surface and water. Focus on marine remote sensing technology, acoustic detection technology, buoy technology, shore-based long-range radar technology, and develop marine information processing and application technology.
(20) Ocean seabed multi-parameter rapid detection technology The oceanic seabed multi-parameter rapid detection technology is a technology for simultaneous detection of multi-parameters of seabed geophysics, geochemistry, biochemistry and other characteristics and real-time information transmission. Focus on sensor technology under abnormal environmental conditions, sensor automatic calibration technology, submarine information transmission technology.
(21) Natural gas hydrate development technology Natural gas hydrate is a hydrocarbon contained in the deep bottom and underground of the ocean. Focus on the exploration theory and development technology of natural gas hydrates, natural gas hydrate geophysical and geochemical exploration and evaluation technologies, breakthrough natural gas hydrate drilling technology and safe mining technology.
(22) Deep sea operation technology Deep sea operation technology is an underwater technology that supports deep seabed engineering operations and mining. Focus on large depth underwater transport technology, life support system technology, high specific energy power plant technology, high fidelity sampling and information remote transmission technology, deep sea operation equipment manufacturing technology and deep sea space station technology.
7. laser technology
8. The basic research of basic research is to understand the natural phenomenon, reveal the laws of nature, acquire new knowledge, new principles, new methods and cultivate high-quality innovative talents as the basic mission. It is an important source of high-tech development and cultivation innovation. The cradle of talents is the foundation for building advanced culture and the internal driving force for future scientific and technological development. The basic research of development should adhere to the combination of serving national goals and encouraging free exploration, follow the laws of scientific development, attach importance to the spirit of scientists' exploration, highlight the long-term value of science, stabilize support, advance deployment, and make dynamic adjustments according to new trends in scientific development. . This outline is deployed from four aspects: disciplinary development, scientific frontier issues, basic research for major national strategic needs, and major scientific research plans.
1. The development of disciplines is based on the characteristics of basic research, exploration, and progress, which are often difficult to predict. The basic disciplines are comprehensively laid out, highlighting the intersection, integration and penetration of disciplines, and fostering new discipline growth points. Through long-term and profound accumulation of academic research, we will promote the improvement of original innovation capabilities and promote coordinated development of multiple disciplines.
(1) The basic discipline attaches importance to basic theory and discipline construction, and comprehensively and harmoniously develops basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology.
(2) The intersection and integration between interdisciplinary and emerging disciplines, basic and applied disciplines, science and technology, natural sciences and humanities and social sciences often lead to major scientific discoveries and emerging disciplines. One of the active parts is to give high attention and focus on deployment.
2. The integration of microcosm and cosmology on the frontiers of science, the combination of reductionism and holism, the interdisciplinary cross-disciplinary, the penetration of basic sciences such as mathematics into various fields, and the application of advanced technologies and means are the main features of the frontier of contemporary scientific development. It has given birth to major breakthroughs in science, and has enabled human beings to constantly transcend and deepen their understanding of the objective world. The principle of selecting scientific frontier issues is: it has a leading role in the development of basic science, has a good foundation, can fully reflect China's advantages and characteristics, and is conducive to greatly enhance the international status of China's basic science.
(1) Quantitative research and systematic integration of life processes Main research directions: genetic language and regulation, functional genomics, model biology, epigenetics and non-coding ribonucleic acids, structural functions of living organisms and their regulatory networks, life weight Structure, bioinformatics, computational biology, systems biology, life features in extreme environments, origin and evolution of life, phylogeny and evolutionary biology.
(2) Condensed matter and new effects Main research directions: strong correlation system, soft condensed matter, new quantum characteristics, condensed matter and new effects, self-similar co-growth, giant open system and complex system problems, Bose â” Stein condensation, superfluid superconducting mechanism, structural phase transition of condensed matter under extreme conditions, electronic structure and various original excitation processes.
(3) The deep research structure of matter and the large-scale physics of the universe. The main research directions are: microscopic and cosmic scales, as well as material structures and physical laws in extreme states such as high energy, high density, ultra high pressure, and super strong magnetic field, exploring and unifying all physical laws. Theories, the basic issues of particle physics, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the origin and evolution of the universe, the formation and evolution of black holes and various celestial bodies and structures, the effects of solar activity on the Earth's environment and disasters, and their predictions.
(4) Core mathematics and its application in the cross-disciplinary field Main research directions: major issues in core mathematics, mathematics and other disciplines intersecting each other and new mathematical problems arising in scientific research and practical applications, such as discrete problems, random problems , quantum problems, and mathematical theories and methods in a large number of nonlinear problems.
(5) Earth system processes and resources, environment and disaster effects Main research directions: interactions of various layers of the Earth system (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, crust, mantle, and core), deep earth drilling, in the Earth system Physics, Chemistry, Biological Processes and Their Resources, Environment and Disaster Effects, Land-Land Facies Reservoir Formation Theory, Ground-Based, Sea-Based, Space-Based, Space-Based Earth Observation and Detection Systems and Earth Simulation Systems, Earth System Science Theory, etc.
(6) The main research direction of the chemical process of new material creation and transformation: the design of new specific structural functional molecules, condensed and aggregated molecular functional systems, controllable synthesis, preparation and transformation, the establishment of environmentally friendly new chemical systems, The formation and transformation process of materials at different time and space scales, and the relationship between chemical nature, performance and structure, and transformation laws in complex systems such as life processes and ecological environments.
(7) Main research directions of brain science and cognitive science: the cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain function, the mechanism of occurrence and development of major brain diseases, the relationship between brain development, plasticity and human intelligence, and the advanced cognitive functions of the brain such as learning and memory. Process and its neural basis, brain information expression and brain information processing system, human brain and computer dialogue.
(8) Innovation of scientific experiments and observation methods, techniques and equipment Main research directions: life science detection, imaging, analysis and manipulation methods with dynamic, timely, non-destructive, sensitive and high resolution characteristics, material composition, function and structure information Obtain new analytical and characterization techniques, new methods of observation in geoscience and space science research, and new methods of information acquisition.
3. Basic research oriented to the country's major strategic needs Knowledge-based society has placed strong demands on scientific development. The competition of comprehensive national strength has moved forward to basic research, and it has become increasingly fierce. As a fast-developing country, China should emphasize basic research to serve national goals and solve key and bottleneck problems in future development through basic research. The principle of selecting research directions is: strategic, overall and long-term significance for national economic and social development and national security; although it is still weak, it plays a key role in development; it can effectively promote the combination of basic science and technical science. Leading the future development of high technology.
(1) The biological basis of human health and disease focuses on the molecular processes and development of major diseases, the molecular and cellular basis of their intervention, the role of neurological, immune, and endocrine systems in the development of health and major diseases, the spread of pathogens, and the laws of variation. The pathogenic mechanism, the mechanism of action of drugs on the molecular, cellular and overall regulatory levels, the interference of the environment on physiological processes, and the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.
(2) Scientific issues in agricultural biological genetic improvement and sustainable agricultural development Focus on important agricultural biological genes and functional genomics and related “groupsâ€, genetic basis for biodiversity and new varieties cultivation, plant stress resistance and water The mechanism of efficient use of nutrients and light energy, the interaction of agricultural organisms and ecological environment, agricultural biosafety and the main pest and disease control principles.
(3) The impact mechanism of human activities on the Earth system focuses on disaster risk prediction of resource exploration and development processes, ecological impacts, adaptation and regional ecological security of large-scale human activities in key river basins, and energy and material circulation laws and regulation of important ecosystems. Biodiversity conservation model, land use and land cover change, watershed, regional water demand law and ecological balance, environmental pollution formation mechanism and control principle, sustainable use of marine resources and marine ecological environment protection.
(4) Global Change and Regional Response Focus on the impact of global climate change on China, the response of large-scale hydrological cycles to global change, and the impact of global change on regional water resources, the interaction of human activities with the monsoon system, sea-land- Gas interactions and Asian monsoon system variability and prediction, China's offshore-terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and polar regions' response to global changes and their climate and environmental effects, the establishment of climate system models and their simulations and predictions, greenhouses The mechanism of effects, aerosol formation, evolution mechanisms and effects on climate change and control.
(5) Complex systems, catastrophic formation and its predictive control focus on the relationship between microscopic mechanisms and macroscopic phenomena in engineering, natural and socio-economic complex systems, the mechanism of structural formation and evolution in complex systems, and the relationship between structure and system behavior , the laws of complex system motion, system mutations and their regulation, etc., study the correlation between different scale behaviors of complex systems, and develop theories and methods of complex systems.
(6) Key scientific issues in sustainable energy development Focus on the physical and chemical basis for efficient and clean utilization and transformation of fossil energy, key scientific issues in high-performance thermal power conversion and energy-efficient energy storage, and the principle of large-scale utilization of renewable energy and New approaches, grid security and economic operation theory, basic nuclear energy technology and the scientific basis of hydrogen energy technology.
(7) New principles and new methods for material design and preparation Focus on the physical and chemical storage phase change and tissue control mechanism of the basic material modification optimization, the principle of composite strengthening and toughening, the physical and chemical properties of new materials, artificial structuring and small scale New physical mechanisms, new effects and new material design, new material preparation, new processes, new principles of structure and performance characterization, interaction of material service and environment, performance evolution, failure mechanism and life prediction principle Wait.
(8) The scientific basis of manufacturing under extreme environmental conditions focuses on the deep interaction between matter and energy, the microscale transport of high-density energy and matter, the precise expression and measurement of microstructure, the formation, the formation and the system of manufacturing Integrated scale effect and interface science, the certainty of smooth motion of complex manufacturing systems and the uniqueness of the manufacturing body.
(9) Major aerospace major mechanical problems focus on hypersonic propulsion systems and ultra-high-speed collision mechanics problems, multi-dimensional dynamic systems and complex motion control theory, compressible turbulence theory, high-temperature gas thermodynamics, magnetic fluid and plasma dynamics, microfluidics and Microsystem dynamics, new material structural mechanics, etc.
(10) Supporting the scientific basis of information technology development Focus on new algorithms and software basic theory, the mechanism of virtual computing environment, the theory and method of mass information processing and knowledge mining, human-computer interaction theory, network security and trustworthy controllable information Safety theory, etc.
4. Major scientific research plans, according to the world scientific development trend and China's major strategic needs, choose to lead the future development, have a strong driving role in the development of science and technology, can promote the rapid improvement of China's continuous innovation capability, and have a research of outstanding innovation teams. Directions, focusing on the deployment of four major scientific research programs. Breakthroughs in these directions can significantly enhance China's international competitiveness, vigorously promote sustainable development, and achieve key breakthroughs.
(1) Protein Research Protein is the most important carrier of life activities and function performers. The in-depth study of the complex and diverse structural functions, interactions and dynamic changes of proteins will reveal the essence of life phenomena at multiple levels, such as molecules, cells and organisms, and is the main task of the post-genome era. At the same time, the results of protein science research will lead to a series of new biotechnology, which will drive the development of medicine, agriculture and green industries, and lead the future bio-economy. Therefore, protein science is the commanding height of life sciences that is currently fiercely contested by developed countries.
Focus on transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, structural biology, protein biology functions and interactions of important biological systems, protein-related computational biology and systems biology, methodologies for protein research, and related applications Basic research, etc.
(2) Quantum regulation research Microelectronics-based information technology will reach the physical limit and pose a severe challenge to the development of information technology. Human beings must seek new ways, and new information methods based on quantum effects are beginning to emerge. And it is becoming the focus of fierce competition in developed countries. Quantum regulation is to explore new quantum phenomena, develop quantum information science, related electronics, quantum communication, restricted small quantum systems and artificial band gap systems, and build the theoretical foundation of future information technology. It has obvious forward-looking and may be in 20~ Thirty years later, it has an incalculable impact on human social and economic development.
Focus on the carrier and regulation principles and methods of quantum communication, quantum computing, charge-spin-phase-orbit correlation laws and new quantum control methods, new quantum effects of restricted small quantum systems, macroscopic quantum of artificial band gap materials Effects, new principles of quantum regulation characterization and measurement, and new technology foundations.
(3) The singular phenomena and laws of nano-materials at the nanometer scale will change the existing framework of relevant theories, so that people's understanding of the material world will enter a new stage, giving birth to a new technological revolution, giving materials and information. The fields of green manufacturing, biology and medicine have brought great development space. Nanotechnology has become a strategic choice for many countries to enhance their core competitiveness, and it is also one of the areas in which China is expected to achieve leapfrog development.
Focus on the controllable preparation, self-assembly and functionalization of nanomaterials, the structure, excellent properties and regulation mechanism of nanomaterials, nanofabrication and integration principles, conceptual and principle nanodevices, nanoelectronics, nanobiology and nanotechnology. Light, electricity, magnetic properties and information transfer of medicine, molecular aggregates and biomolecules, single molecule behavior and manipulation, design and assembly and regulation of molecular machines, nanoscale characterization and metrology, nanomaterials and nanotechnology in energy, environment Applications in the fields of information, medicine, etc.
(4) Development and Reproduction Research A series of world-renowned achievements such as animal clump stem cells have brought great opportunities for the future development of life sciences and medicine. However, most of these results are not directly beneficial to humans. The main reason is the lack of systematic and in-depth understanding of reproductive and developmental processes and their mechanisms. China has a large population growth, many birth defects, a serious shortage of transplanted organs, and the aging peak is coming. There is an urgent need for breakthroughs in scientific and developmental science and technological innovation.
Focus on stem cell proliferation, differentiation and regulation, germ cell development, maturation and fertilization, regulation of embryonic development, somatic dedifferentiation and animal cloning mechanisms, degeneration of human reproductive function and mechanisms of degenerative diseases, assisted reproductive and stem cell technology Safety and ethics, etc.
VII. Reform of the Science and Technology System and the Construction of the National Innovation System Since the reform and opening up, China's science and technology system reform has focused on promoting the integration of science and technology with the economy, strengthening scientific and technological innovation, promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and industrialization, focusing on restructuring and transformation mechanisms. A series of major reform measures have been taken and important breakthroughs and substantial progress have been made. At the same time, it must be clearly seen that there are still many incompatibility between China's current science and technology system and the requirements of the socialist market economic system and the development of economy and science and technology. First, enterprises have not really become the mainstay of technological innovation, and their ability to innovate independently is not strong. Second, all aspects of science and technology are self-contained, scattered and redundant, and the overall operational efficiency is not high. The ability of scientific and technological innovation in the social welfare field is particularly weak. Third, the macro-management of science and technology is independent, and the allocation of scientific and technological resources and evaluation systems cannot meet the requirements of the new situation of scientific and technological development and the transformation of government functions. Fourth, the mechanism for stimulating outstanding talents and encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship is still not perfect. These problems have severely restricted the improvement of the country's overall innovation capability.
The guiding ideology for deepening the reform of the science and technology system is to focus on serving the national goals and mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of the vast number of scientific and technological personnel, and to promote the efficient allocation and integration of science and technology resources in the whole society, and to establish a technology that combines enterprises, production, and research. The innovation system is a breakthrough, comprehensively promotes the construction of a national innovation system with Chinese characteristics, and greatly enhances the country's independent innovation capability.
At present and in the future, the key tasks of the reform of the science and technology system are:
1. Supporting and encouraging enterprises to become the mainstay of technological innovation Market competition is an important driving force for technological innovation. Technological innovation is the fundamental way for enterprises to improve their competitiveness. With the deepening of reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises play an increasingly important role in technological innovation. It is necessary to further create conditions, optimize the environment, deepen reforms, and effectively enhance the power and vitality of enterprise technological innovation. First, we must give play to the guiding role of the economy and science and technology policies, so that enterprises become the mainstay of research and development investment. Accelerate the improvement of a unified, open, competitive and orderly market economy environment, and guide enterprises to increase investment in research and development through fiscal, taxation, and financial policies, and promote the establishment of research and development institutions, especially large enterprises. Relying on the transformation of scientific research institutions or large enterprises with strong research and development and technical radiation capabilities, the integration of institutions of higher learning, research institutes and other related forces, the establishment of national engineering laboratories and industrial engineering centers. Encourage enterprises to establish various types of technological innovation joint organizations with universities and research institutes to enhance technological innovation capabilities. Second, we must reform the support methods of science and technology programs and support enterprises to undertake national research and development tasks. The national science and technology plan should reflect more on the major technological needs of enterprises and absorb more enterprises. In an area with clear market application prospects, establish an effective mechanism for enterprise-led organizations, universities and research institutes to participate in the implementation. Third, we must improve the technology transfer mechanism and promote the technology integration and application of enterprises. Establish and improve the intellectual property incentive mechanism and intellectual property transaction system.大力å‘展为ä¼ä¸šæœåŠ¡çš„å„类科技ä¸ä»‹æœåŠ¡æœºæž„,促进ä¼ä¸šä¹‹é—´ã€ä¼ä¸šä¸Žé«˜ç‰é™¢æ ¡å’Œç§‘ç ”é™¢æ‰€ä¹‹é—´çš„çŸ¥è¯†æµåŠ¨å’ŒæŠ€æœ¯è½¬ç§»ã€‚国家é‡ç‚¹å®žéªŒå®¤ã€å·¥ç¨‹(æŠ€æœ¯ç ”ç©¶)ä¸å¿ƒè¦å‘ä¼ä¸šæ‰©å¤§å¼€æ”¾ã€‚å››è¦åŠ 快现代ä¼ä¸šåˆ¶åº¦å»ºè®¾,增强ä¼ä¸šæŠ€æœ¯åˆ›æ–°çš„内在动力。把技术创新能力作为国有ä¼ä¸šè€ƒæ ¸çš„é‡è¦æŒ‡æ ‡,把技术è¦ç´ å‚与分é…作为高新技术ä¼ä¸šäº§æƒåˆ¶åº¦æ”¹é©çš„é‡è¦å†…容。åšæŒåº”用开å‘ç±»ç§‘ç ”æœºæž„ä¼ä¸šåŒ–转制的方å‘,深化ä¼ä¸šåŒ–è½¬åˆ¶ç§‘ç ”æœºæž„äº§æƒåˆ¶åº¦ç‰æ–¹é¢çš„改é©,å½¢æˆå®Œå–„的管ç†ä½“制和åˆç†ã€æœ‰æ•ˆçš„激励机制,使之在高新技术产业化和行业技术创新ä¸å‘挥骨干作用。五è¦è¥é€ 良好创新环境,扶æŒä¸å°ä¼ä¸šçš„技术创新活动。ä¸å°ä¼ä¸šç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯ç§‘技型ä¸å°ä¼ä¸šæ˜¯å¯Œæœ‰åˆ›æ–°æ´»åŠ›ä½†æ‰¿å—创新风险能力较弱的ä¼ä¸šç¾¤ä½“。è¦ä¸ºä¸å°ä¼ä¸šåˆ›é€ 更为有利的政ç–环境,在市场准入ã€åä¸æ£å½“竞争ç‰æ–¹é¢,èµ·è‰å’Œåˆ¶å®šæœ‰åˆ©äºŽä¸å°ä¼ä¸šå‘展的相关法律ã€æ”¿ç–；积æžå‘展支æŒä¸å°ä¼ä¸šçš„科技投èžèµ„ä½“ç³»å’Œåˆ›ä¸šé£Žé™©æŠ•èµ„æœºåˆ¶ï¼›åŠ å¿«ç§‘æŠ€ä¸ä»‹æœåŠ¡æœºæž„建设,为ä¸å°ä¼ä¸šæŠ€æœ¯åˆ›æ–°æä¾›æœåŠ¡ã€‚
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(61) Biosafety protection focuses on rapid, sensitive, specific monitoring and detection techniques, chemical agents in vivo metabolite detection technology, new high-efficiency disinfectants and rapid disinfection techniques, filter protection technologies, hazardous media identification and control technologies, and biology Intrusion prevention and control technology for vaccines and immune adjuvants, anti-toxins and drugs for sudden biological events.
(62) Major natural disaster monitoring and defense research and development Key technologies for monitoring, early warning and emergency response such as earthquakes, typhoons, rainstorms, floods, geological disasters, monitoring and early warning technologies for major disasters such as forest fires, dam breaks, and dangerous dykes, and major Natural disaster comprehensive risk analysis and assessment technology.
11. In the history of national defense and major special projects, the implementation of several major projects represented by “two bombs and one starâ€, manned spaceflight and hybrid rice has played a vital role in improving overall national strength. The United States, Europe, Japan, and South Korea have all organized important special programs around national targets as an important measure to improve national competitiveness.
While defining a set of priority themes in key areas, this outline focuses on national goals, further highlights key points, selects a number of major strategic products, key common technologies or major projects as major special projects, and gives full play to the advantages of the socialist system to concentrate on major issues. And the role of the market mechanism, strive to achieve breakthroughs, and strive to achieve a partial leap in the development of science and technology to drive the development of productivity, and fill the gap in the national strategy. To determine the basic principles of major special projects: First, closely integrate the major needs of economic and social development, and cultivate strategic industries that have core independent intellectual property rights and have a significant role in promoting the independent innovation capability of enterprises; The overall improvement is a key common technology with overall impact and strong driving force; the third is to solve the major bottleneck problem that restricts economic and social development; the fourth is to reflect the combination of military and civilian, and to integrate the military with the people, which is of great strategic significance for safeguarding national security and enhancing overall national strength. The fifth is in line with China's national conditions, and the national strength can withstand it. In accordance with the above principles, a number of major special projects have been identified around the development of high-tech industries, the promotion of upgrading of traditional industries, the resolution of bottlenecks in the development of the national economy, the improvement of people's health and the security of the country. The implementation of major special projects will be initiated on a case-by-case basis according to the maturity of the country's development needs and implementation conditions. At the same time, according to changes in national strategic needs and development situation, major special projects are dynamically adjusted and implemented step by step. For major projects targeting strategic products, we must give full play to the main role of enterprises in research and development and investment, take the research and development of major equipment as the entry point for technological innovation, and more effectively use market mechanisms to allocate scientific and technological resources. Guiding input is mainly used for key core technologies.
Major projects are to achieve national goals. Through core technological breakthroughs and resource integration, major strategic products, key common technologies and major projects completed within a certain time limit are the top priority of China's science and technology development. The "Planning Outline" identifies core electronic devices, high-end general-purpose chips and basic software, extremely large-scale integrated circuit manufacturing technology and complete sets of processes, next-generation broadband wireless mobile communications, high-end CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing technologies, large-scale oil and gas fields and coalbed methane development, Large-scale advanced pressurized water reactors and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, water pollution control and treatment, breeding of new varieties of genetically modified organisms, major new drug creation, prevention and control of major infectious diseases such as AIDS and viral hepatitis, large aircraft, high-resolution Earth observation systems, There are 16 major special projects such as manned space flight and lunar exploration project, involving strategic industries such as information and biology, major urgent issues such as energy and resource environment and people's health, as well as military-civilian dual-use technology and national defense technology.
V. Frontier technology Frontier technology refers to the forward-looking, pioneering and exploratory major technologies in the high-tech field. It is an important foundation for the future development of high-tech upgrading and emerging industries, and is a comprehensive reflection of the country's high-tech innovation capabilities. The main principles of choosing cutting-edge technology: First, it represents the development direction of the world's high-tech frontier. Second, it has a leading role in the formation and development of the country's future emerging industries. The third is to facilitate the upgrading of industrial technology and achieve leapfrog development. Fourth, it has a good talent team and research and development. Based on the above principles, it is necessary to deploy a number of cutting-edge technologies ahead of time, give play to the leading role of science and technology to lead future development, and improve China's high-tech research and development capabilities and the international competitiveness of the industry.
1. Biotechnology Biotechnology and life sciences will become an important driving force for the new technological revolution in the 21st century. Genomics and proteomics research is leading the development of biotechnology to systematic research. Genomic sequencing and gene structure analysis have turned to functional genomics research and the discovery and application of functional genes; molecular orientation design and construction of drugs, animal and plant varieties have become an important direction of germplasm and drug research; biochips, stem cells and tissue engineering, etc. Research and application of cutting-edge technology has given birth to major breakthroughs in diagnosis, treatment and regenerative medicine. Critical breakthroughs must be made in functional genomics, proteomics, stem cells, therapeutic ridge tissue engineering, biocatalysis and transformation technologies.
advanced technology:
(1) The discovery of target technology targets is of great significance for the development of innovative drugs, biological diagnostics and biotherapeutic technologies. It focuses on the large-scale identification of key gene functions and their regulatory networks in physiological and pathological processes, breaking through the functional recognition, expression regulation and target screening and confirmation techniques of disease-related genes, and the new drug creation technology from gene to drug.
(2) Animal and plant varieties and drug molecular design techniques Animal and plant varieties and drug molecular design are based on molecular docking, molecular modeling and molecular design techniques for the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules. Focus on protein and cell dynamic process bioinformatics analysis, integration, simulation technology, animal and plant variety and drug virtual design technology, animal and plant variety growth and drug metabolism engineering simulation technology, computer-aided combination compound library design, synthesis and screening technologies.
(3) Gene manipulation and protein engineering technology Gene manipulation technology is a key technology for the utilization of genetic resources. Protein engineering is an important way to efficiently use gene products. Focus on the high-efficiency expression of genes and their regulation techniques, chromosome structure and localization integration technology, artificial design and transformation technology of coding protein genes, modification and modification of protein peptide chains, protein structure analysis technology, protein scale separation and purification technology.
(4) Stem cell-based human tissue engineering technology Stem cell technology can culture stem cells in vitro, and induce differentiation into various tissue cells for clinical needs, and can also construct human organs in vitro for replacement and repair treatment. Focus on research on therapeutic cloning technology, stem cell in vitro construction and orientation induction technology, human body structure in vitro construction and large-scale production technology, human multi-cell complex structure tissue construction and defect repair technology and bio-manufacturing technology.
(5) A new generation of industrial biotechnology Biocatalysis and biotransformation are the mainstay of a new generation of industrial biotechnology. Focus on large-scale screening technology of functional strains, biocatalyst directional transformation technology, biocatalytic technology system for large-scale industrial production, clean conversion medium creation technology and industrialized complete conversion technology.
2. Information technology Information technology will continue to develop in the main directions of high performance, low cost, ubiquitous computing and intelligence. Seeking new computing and processing methods and physical implementation is a major challenge in the future information technology field. The interdisciplinary integration of nanotechnology, biotechnology and cognitive science will promote the development of “human-centered†information technology based on biometrics based on image and natural language understanding, and promote innovation in many fields. Focus on low-cost self-organizing networks, personalized intelligent robots and human-computer interaction systems, highly flexible data networks that are protected from attacks, and advanced information security systems.
advanced technology:
(6) IntelliSense technology focuses on "human-centered" intelligent information processing and control technology based on biometrics, understanding of natural language and dynamic images, Chinese information processing; research on biometrics, intelligent transportation and other related fields System technology.
(7) Self-organizing network technology focuses on self-organizing mobile network, self-organizing computing network, self-organizing storage network, self-organizing sensor network and other technologies, low-cost real-time information processing system, multi-sensor information fusion technology, personalized human-machine Interactive interface technology, as well as highly flexible data networks and advanced information security systems; research on self-organizing intelligent systems and personal intelligence systems.
(8) Virtual reality technology focuses on multidisciplinary technologies such as electronics, psychology, control science, computer graphics, database design, real-time distribution systems and multimedia technologies, researching medicine, entertainment, art and education, military and industrial manufacturing. Management and other virtual reality technologies and systems in related fields.
3. New material technology New material technology will be green to the structural and functional combination of materials, intelligent functional materials, integration of materials and devices, preparation and use. Break through modern material design, evaluation, characterization and advanced preparation and processing technology, develop nano-materials and devices on the basis of nano-science research, develop special functional materials such as superconducting materials, smart materials, energy materials, and develop super-structure materials, new-generation optoelectronics New materials such as information materials.
advanced technology:
(9) Intelligent materials and structural technology Intelligent materials and intelligent structures are smart or intelligent structural systems that integrate sensing, control, and driving (execution) functions. Focus on the research of intelligent material preparation and processing technology, intelligent structure design and preparation technology, monitoring and failure control technology of key equipment.
(10) High-temperature superconducting technology focuses on new high-temperature superconducting materials and preparation technology, superconducting cables, superconducting machines, high-efficiency superconducting devices; research on superconducting biomedical devices, high-temperature superconducting filters, high-temperature superconducting nondestructive testing Sensitive detectors such as devices and scanning magnetic microscopes.
(11) Efficient energy materials technology focuses on solar cell related materials and key technologies, fuel cell key material technology, high-capacity hydrogen storage material technology, high-efficiency secondary battery materials and key technologies, supercapacitor key materials and preparation technology, and development of high efficiency Energy conversion and energy storage material systems. 4. Advanced Manufacturing Technology Advanced manufacturing technology will develop in the direction of informationization, limit and green, and become the basis for future manufacturing and the key to sustainable development. Focus on breakthrough manufacturing, system integration and synergy technology, intelligent manufacturing and application technology, design verification technology for complete equipment and systems, system design technology for large complex systems and equipment based on high reliability.
advanced technology:
(12) Extreme manufacturing technology Extreme manufacturing refers to the manufacture of devices and functional systems of extreme scale (extra large or small scale) or extremely high functions under extreme conditions or environments. Focus on micro-nano electromechanical systems, micro-nano manufacturing, ultra-precision manufacturing, giant system manufacturing and strong field manufacturing related design, manufacturing processes and testing techniques.
(13) Intelligent Service Robot The intelligent service robot is a variety of high-tech integrated intelligent equipment that provides necessary services for human beings in an unstructured environment. Focusing on the application needs of service robots and dangerous work robots, we study common basic technologies such as design methods, manufacturing processes, intelligent control and application system integration.
(14) Major products and major facility life prediction technology Major products and major facility life prediction technologies are key technologies to improve operational reliability, safety and maintainability. Research on component design and prototyping control and optimization techniques for component materials, knowledge-based modeling and manufacturing process modeling and simulation techniques, manufacturing process online inspection and evaluation techniques, component life prediction technology, major products, complex systems and significant Facility reliability, safety and life prediction technology.
5. Advanced Energy Technology The main direction of future energy technology development is economic, efficient, clean utilization and new energy development. The development of technologies such as the fourth-generation nuclear energy system, advanced nuclear fuel cycle, and fusion energy has received increasing attention; hydrogen, as an ideal energy carrier that can be obtained from a variety of sources, will bring new changes to the clean use of energy; Flexible fuel cell power and distributed energy supply systems will provide a new and important form of energy utilization for the terminal. Focus on large-scale hydrogen energy utilization and distributed energy supply systems, advanced nuclear energy and nuclear fuel cycle technologies, and develop high-efficiency, clean and near-zero carbon dioxide fossil energy development and utilization technologies, and low-cost, high-efficiency new renewable energy technologies.
advanced technology:
(15) Hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology focus on high-efficiency and low-cost fossil energy and renewable energy hydrogen production technologies, cost-effective hydrogen storage and distribution technology, fuel cell based key component preparation and stack integration technology, fuel cell power generation and Vehicle power system integration technology to form hydrogen energy and fuel cell technical specifications and standards.
(16) Distributed energy supply technology Distributed energy supply system is an important way to provide flexible and energy-saving integrated energy services for end users. Focus on breakthroughs in energy conversion technologies, energy storage technologies, and integrated technologies for thermoelectric cooling systems based on fossil energy-based micro-sized gas turbines and new thermal cycles, forming a distributed hybrid based on renewable energy and fossil energy, and micro-small gas turbines and fuel cells. Terminal energy supply system.
(17) Fast neutron reactor technology Fast neutron reactor is a nuclear reactor that causes fission chain reaction of nuclear nucleus and can realize nuclear fuel proliferation. It can make full use of uranium resources and can deal with the long life of thermal reactor nuclear power plant production. Radioactive waste. Research and master the fast reactor design and core technology, related nuclear fuel and structural materials technology, break through the key technologies such as sodium cycle, and build a 65MW experimental fast reactor to achieve critical and grid-connected power generation.
(18) Magnetic confinement nuclear fusion takes the opportunity to participate in the construction and research of the international thermonuclear fusion experimental reactor, focusing on large-scale superconducting magnet technology, microwave heating and driving technology, neutral beam injection heating technology, cladding technology, and large crucible Real-time separation and purification techniques, divertor technology, numerical simulation, plasma control and diagnostic techniques, key material technologies required for demonstration reactors, and deepening of high-temperature plasma physics and some energy-oriented non-Tokemark pathways the study.
6. Marine technology attaches great importance to the development of multi-functional, multi-parameter and long-term marine integrated development technologies to enhance the comprehensive technical capabilities of deep sea operations. Focus on research and development of natural gas hydrate exploration and development technology, oceanic metal mineral resources submarine gathering and transportation technology, on-site efficient extraction technology and large-scale offshore engineering technology.
advanced technology:
(19) Stereoscopic monitoring technology for marine environment The three-dimensional monitoring technology for marine environment is a technology for simultaneous monitoring of marine environmental elements in the air, shore station, water surface and water. Focus on marine remote sensing technology, acoustic detection technology, buoy technology, shore-based long-range radar technology, and develop marine information processing and application technology.
(20) Ocean seabed multi-parameter rapid detection technology The oceanic seabed multi-parameter rapid detection technology is a technology for simultaneous detection of multi-parameters of seabed geophysics, geochemistry, biochemistry and other characteristics and real-time information transmission. Focus on sensor technology under abnormal environmental conditions, sensor automatic calibration technology, submarine information transmission technology.
(21) Natural gas hydrate development technology Natural gas hydrate is a hydrocarbon contained in the deep bottom and underground of the ocean. Focus on the exploration theory and development technology of natural gas hydrates, natural gas hydrate geophysical and geochemical exploration and evaluation technologies, breakthrough natural gas hydrate drilling technology and safe mining technology.
(22) Deep sea operation technology Deep sea operation technology is an underwater technology that supports deep seabed engineering operations and mining. Focus on large depth underwater transport technology, life support system technology, high specific energy power plant technology, high fidelity sampling and information remote transmission technology, deep sea operation equipment manufacturing technology and deep sea space station technology.
7. laser technology
8. The basic research of basic research is to understand the natural phenomenon, reveal the laws of nature, acquire new knowledge, new principles, new methods and cultivate high-quality innovative talents as the basic mission. It is an important source of high-tech development and cultivation innovation. The cradle of talents is the foundation for building advanced culture and the internal driving force for future scientific and technological development. The basic research of development should adhere to the combination of serving national goals and encouraging free exploration, follow the laws of scientific development, attach importance to the spirit of scientists' exploration, highlight the long-term value of science, stabilize support, advance deployment, and make dynamic adjustments according to new trends in scientific development. . This outline is deployed from four aspects: disciplinary development, scientific frontier issues, basic research for major national strategic needs, and major scientific research plans.
1. The development of disciplines is based on the characteristics of basic research, exploration, and progress, which are often difficult to predict. The basic disciplines are comprehensively laid out, highlighting the intersection, integration and penetration of disciplines, and fostering new discipline growth points. Through long-term and profound accumulation of academic research, we will promote the improvement of original innovation capabilities and promote coordinated development of multiple disciplines.
(1) The basic discipline attaches importance to basic theory and discipline construction, and comprehensively and harmoniously develops basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth science, and biology.
(2) The intersection and integration between interdisciplinary and emerging disciplines, basic and applied disciplines, science and technology, natural sciences and humanities and social sciences often lead to major scientific discoveries and emerging disciplines. One of the active parts is to give high attention and focus on deployment.
2. The integration of microcosm and cosmology on the frontiers of science, the combination of reductionism and holism, the interdisciplinary cross-disciplinary, the penetration of basic sciences such as mathematics into various fields, and the application of advanced technologies and means are the main features of the frontier of contemporary scientific development. It has given birth to major breakthroughs in science, and has enabled human beings to constantly transcend and deepen their understanding of the objective world. The principle of selecting scientific frontier issues is: it has a leading role in the development of basic science, has a good foundation, can fully reflect China's advantages and characteristics, and is conducive to greatly enhance the international status of China's basic science.
(1) Quantitative research and systematic integration of life processes Main research directions: genetic language and regulation, functional genomics, model biology, epigenetics and non-coding ribonucleic acids, structural functions of living organisms and their regulatory networks, life weight Structure, bioinformatics, computational biology, systems biology, life features in extreme environments, origin and evolution of life, phylogeny and evolutionary biology.
(2) Condensed matter and new effects Main research directions: strong correlation system, soft condensed matter, new quantum characteristics, condensed matter and new effects, self-similar co-growth, giant open system and complex system problems, Bose â” Stein condensation, superfluid superconducting mechanism, structural phase transition of condensed matter under extreme conditions, electronic structure and various original excitation processes.
(3) The deep research structure of matter and the large-scale physics of the universe. The main research directions are: microscopic and cosmic scales, as well as material structures and physical laws in extreme states such as high energy, high density, ultra high pressure, and super strong magnetic field, exploring and unifying all physical laws. Theories, the basic issues of particle physics, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the origin and evolution of the universe, the formation and evolution of black holes and various celestial bodies and structures, the effects of solar activity on the Earth's environment and disasters, and their predictions.
(4) Core mathematics and its application in the cross-disciplinary field Main research directions: major issues in core mathematics, mathematics and other disciplines intersecting each other and new mathematical problems arising in scientific research and practical applications, such as discrete problems, random problems , quantum problems, and mathematical theories and methods in a large number of nonlinear problems.
(5) Earth system processes and resources, environment and disaster effects Main research directions: interactions of various layers of the Earth system (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, crust, mantle, and core), deep earth drilling, in the Earth system Physics, Chemistry, Biological Processes and Their Resources, Environment and Disaster Effects, Land-Land Facies Reservoir Formation Theory, Ground-Based, Sea-Based, Space-Based, Space-Based Earth Observation and Detection Systems and Earth Simulation Systems, Earth System Science Theory, etc.
(6) The main research direction of the chemical process of new material creation and transformation: the design of new specific structural functional molecules, condensed and aggregated molecular functional systems, controllable synthesis, preparation and transformation, the establishment of environmentally friendly new chemical systems, The formation and transformation process of materials at different time and space scales, and the relationship between chemical nature, performance and structure, and transformation laws in complex systems such as life processes and ecological environments.
(7) Main research directions of brain science and cognitive science: the cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain function, the mechanism of occurrence and development of major brain diseases, the relationship between brain development, plasticity and human intelligence, and the advanced cognitive functions of the brain such as learning and memory. Process and its neural basis, brain information expression and brain information processing system, human brain and computer dialogue.
(8) Innovation of scientific experiments and observation methods, techniques and equipment Main research directions: life science detection, imaging, analysis and manipulation methods with dynamic, timely, non-destructive, sensitive and high resolution characteristics, material composition, function and structure information Obtain new analytical and characterization techniques, new methods of observation in geoscience and space science research, and new methods of information acquisition.
3. Basic research oriented to the country's major strategic needs Knowledge-based society has placed strong demands on scientific development. The competition of comprehensive national strength has moved forward to basic research, and it has become increasingly fierce. As a fast-developing country, China should emphasize basic research to serve national goals and solve key and bottleneck problems in future development through basic research. The principle of selecting research directions is: strategic, overall and long-term significance for national economic and social development and national security; although it is still weak, it plays a key role in development; it can effectively promote the combination of basic science and technical science. Leading the future development of high technology.
(1) The biological basis of human health and disease focuses on the molecular processes and development of major diseases, the molecular and cellular basis of their intervention, the role of neurological, immune, and endocrine systems in the development of health and major diseases, the spread of pathogens, and the laws of variation. The pathogenic mechanism, the mechanism of action of drugs on the molecular, cellular and overall regulatory levels, the interference of the environment on physiological processes, and the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine.
(2) Scientific issues in agricultural biological genetic improvement and sustainable agricultural development Focus on important agricultural biological genes and functional genomics and related “groupsâ€, genetic basis for biodiversity and new varieties cultivation, plant stress resistance and water The mechanism of efficient use of nutrients and light energy, the interaction of agricultural organisms and ecological environment, agricultural biosafety and the main pest and disease control principles.
(3) The impact mechanism of human activities on the Earth system focuses on disaster risk prediction of resource exploration and development processes, ecological impacts, adaptation and regional ecological security of large-scale human activities in key river basins, and energy and material circulation laws and regulation of important ecosystems. Biodiversity conservation model, land use and land cover change, watershed, regional water demand law and ecological balance, environmental pollution formation mechanism and control principle, sustainable use of marine resources and marine ecological environment protection.
(4) Global Change and Regional Response Focus on the impact of global climate change on China, the response of large-scale hydrological cycles to global change, and the impact of global change on regional water resources, the interaction of human activities with the monsoon system, sea-land- Gas interactions and Asian monsoon system variability and prediction, China's offshore-terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and polar regions' response to global changes and their climate and environmental effects, the establishment of climate system models and their simulations and predictions, greenhouses The mechanism of effects, aerosol formation, evolution mechanisms and effects on climate change and control.
(5) Complex systems, catastrophic formation and its predictive control focus on the relationship between microscopic mechanisms and macroscopic phenomena in engineering, natural and socio-economic complex systems, the mechanism of structural formation and evolution in complex systems, and the relationship between structure and system behavior , the laws of complex system motion, system mutations and their regulation, etc., study the correlation between different scale behaviors of complex systems, and develop theories and methods of complex systems.
(6) Key scientific issues in sustainable energy development Focus on the physical and chemical basis for efficient and clean utilization and transformation of fossil energy, key scientific issues in high-performance thermal power conversion and energy-efficient energy storage, and the principle of large-scale utilization of renewable energy and New approaches, grid security and economic operation theory, basic nuclear energy technology and the scientific basis of hydrogen energy technology.
(7) New principles and new methods for material design and preparation Focus on the physical and chemical storage phase change and tissue control mechanism of the basic material modification optimization, the principle of composite strengthening and toughening, the physical and chemical properties of new materials, artificial structuring and small scale New physical mechanisms, new effects and new material design, new material preparation, new processes, new principles of structure and performance characterization, interaction of material service and environment, performance evolution, failure mechanism and life prediction principle Wait.
(8) The scientific basis of manufacturing under extreme environmental conditions focuses on the deep interaction between matter and energy, the microscale transport of high-density energy and matter, the precise expression and measurement of microstructure, the formation, the formation and the system of manufacturing Integrated scale effect and interface science, the certainty of smooth motion of complex manufacturing systems and the uniqueness of the manufacturing body.
(9) Major aerospace major mechanical problems focus on hypersonic propulsion systems and ultra-high-speed collision mechanics problems, multi-dimensional dynamic systems and complex motion control theory, compressible turbulence theory, high-temperature gas thermodynamics, magnetic fluid and plasma dynamics, microfluidics and Microsystem dynamics, new material structural mechanics, etc.
(10) Supporting the scientific basis of information technology development Focus on new algorithms and software basic theory, the mechanism of virtual computing environment, the theory and method of mass information processing and knowledge mining, human-computer interaction theory, network security and trustworthy controllable information Safety theory, etc.
4. Major scientific research plans, according to the world scientific development trend and China's major strategic needs, choose to lead the future development, have a strong driving role in the development of science and technology, can promote the rapid improvement of China's continuous innovation capability, and have a research of outstanding innovation teams. Directions, focusing on the deployment of four major scientific research programs. Breakthroughs in these directions can significantly enhance China's international competitiveness, vigorously promote sustainable development, and achieve key breakthroughs.
(1) Protein Research Protein is the most important carrier of life activities and function performers. The in-depth study of the complex and diverse structural functions, interactions and dynamic changes of proteins will reveal the essence of life phenomena at multiple levels, such as molecules, cells and organisms, and is the main task of the post-genome era. At the same time, the results of protein science research will lead to a series of new biotechnology, which will drive the development of medicine, agriculture and green industries, and lead the future bio-economy. Therefore, protein science is the commanding height of life sciences that is currently fiercely contested by developed countries.
Focus on transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, structural biology, protein biology functions and interactions of important biological systems, protein-related computational biology and systems biology, methodologies for protein research, and related applications Basic research, etc.
(2) Quantum regulation research Microelectronics-based information technology will reach the physical limit and pose a severe challenge to the development of information technology. Human beings must seek new ways, and new information methods based on quantum effects are beginning to emerge. And it is becoming the focus of fierce competition in developed countries. Quantum regulation is to explore new quantum phenomena, develop quantum information science, related electronics, quantum communication, restricted small quantum systems and artificial band gap systems, and build the theoretical foundation of future information technology. It has obvious forward-looking and may be in 20~ Thirty years later, it has an incalculable impact on human social and economic development.
Focus on the carrier and regulation principles and methods of quantum communication, quantum computing, charge-spin-phase-orbit correlation laws and new quantum control methods, new quantum effects of restricted small quantum systems, macroscopic quantum of artificial band gap materials Effects, new principles of quantum regulation characterization and measurement, and new technology foundations.
(3) The singular phenomena and laws of nano-materials at the nanometer scale will change the existing framework of relevant theories, so that people's understanding of the material world will enter a new stage, giving birth to a new technological revolution, giving materials and information. The fields of green manufacturing, biology and medicine have brought great development space. Nanotechnology has become a strategic choice for many countries to enhance their core competitiveness, and it is also one of the areas in which China is expected to achieve leapfrog development.
Focus on the controllable preparation, self-assembly and functionalization of nanomaterials, the structure, excellent properties and regulation mechanism of nanomaterials, nanofabrication and integration principles, conceptual and principle nanodevices, nanoelectronics, nanobiology and nanotechnology. Light, electricity, magnetic properties and information transfer of medicine, molecular aggregates and biomolecules, single molecule behavior and manipulation, design and assembly and regulation of molecular machines, nanoscale characterization and metrology, nanomaterials and nanotechnology in energy, environment Applications in the fields of information, medicine, etc.
(4) Development and Reproduction Research A series of world-renowned achievements such as animal clump stem cells have brought great opportunities for the future development of life sciences and medicine. However, most of these results are not directly beneficial to humans. The main reason is the lack of systematic and in-depth understanding of reproductive and developmental processes and their mechanisms. China has a large population growth, many birth defects, a serious shortage of transplanted organs, and the aging peak is coming. There is an urgent need for breakthroughs in scientific and developmental science and technological innovation.
Focus on stem cell proliferation, differentiation and regulation, germ cell development, maturation and fertilization, regulation of embryonic development, somatic dedifferentiation and animal cloning mechanisms, degeneration of human reproductive function and mechanisms of degenerative diseases, assisted reproductive and stem cell technology Safety and ethics, etc.
VII. Reform of the Science and Technology System and the Construction of the National Innovation System Since the reform and opening up, China's science and technology system reform has focused on promoting the integration of science and technology with the economy, strengthening scientific and technological innovation, promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and industrialization, focusing on restructuring and transformation mechanisms. A series of major reform measures have been taken and important breakthroughs and substantial progress have been made. At the same time, it must be clearly seen that there are still many incompatibility between China's current science and technology system and the requirements of the socialist market economic system and the development of economy and science and technology. First, enterprises have not really become the mainstay of technological innovation, and their ability to innovate independently is not strong. Second, all aspects of science and technology are self-contained, scattered and redundant, and the overall operational efficiency is not high. The ability of scientific and technological innovation in the social welfare field is particularly weak. Third, the macro-management of science and technology is independent, and the allocation of scientific and technological resources and evaluation systems cannot meet the requirements of the new situation of scientific and technological development and the transformation of government functions. Fourth, the mechanism for stimulating outstanding talents and encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship is still not perfect. These problems have severely restricted the improvement of the country's overall innovation capability.
The guiding ideology for deepening the reform of the science and technology system is to focus on serving the national goals and mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of the vast number of scientific and technological personnel, and to promote the efficient allocation and integration of science and technology resources in the whole society, and to establish a technology that combines enterprises, production, and research. The innovation system is a breakthrough, comprehensively promotes the construction of a national innovation system with Chinese characteristics, and greatly enhances the country's independent innovation capability.
At present and in the future, the key tasks of the reform of the science and technology system are:
1. Supporting and encouraging enterprises to become the mainstay of technological innovation Market competition is an important driving force for technological innovation. Technological innovation is the fundamental way for enterprises to improve their competitiveness. With the deepening of reform and opening up, Chinese enterprises play an increasingly important role in technological innovation. It is necessary to further create conditions, optimize the environment, deepen reforms, and effectively enhance the power and vitality of enterprise technological innovation. First, we must give play to the guiding role of the economy and science and technology policies, so that enterprises become the mainstay of research and development investment. Accelerate the improvement of a unified, open, competitive and orderly market economy environment, and guide enterprises to increase investment in research and development through fiscal, taxation, and financial policies, and promote the establishment of research and development institutions, especially large enterprises. Relying on the transformation of scientific research institutions or large enterprises with strong research and development and technical radiation capabilities, the integration of institutions of higher learning, research institutes and other related forces, the establishment of national engineering laboratories and industrial engineering centers. Encourage enterprises to establish various types of technological innovation joint organizations with universities and research institutes to enhance technological innovation capabilities. Second, we must reform the support methods of science and technology programs and support enterprises to undertake national research and development tasks. The national science and technology plan should reflect more on the major technological needs of enterprises and absorb more enterprises. In an area with clear market application prospects, establish an effective mechanism for enterprise-led organizations, universities and research institutes to participate in the implementation. Third, we must improve the technology transfer mechanism and promote the technology integration and application of enterprises. Establish and improve the intellectual property incentive mechanism and intellectual property transaction system.大力å‘展为ä¼ä¸šæœåŠ¡çš„å„类科技ä¸ä»‹æœåŠ¡æœºæž„,促进ä¼ä¸šä¹‹é—´ã€ä¼ä¸šä¸Žé«˜ç‰é™¢æ ¡å’Œç§‘ç ”é™¢æ‰€ä¹‹é—´çš„çŸ¥è¯†æµåŠ¨å’ŒæŠ€æœ¯è½¬ç§»ã€‚国家é‡ç‚¹å®žéªŒå®¤ã€å·¥ç¨‹(æŠ€æœ¯ç ”ç©¶)ä¸å¿ƒè¦å‘ä¼ä¸šæ‰©å¤§å¼€æ”¾ã€‚å››è¦åŠ 快现代ä¼ä¸šåˆ¶åº¦å»ºè®¾,增强ä¼ä¸šæŠ€æœ¯åˆ›æ–°çš„内在动力。把技术创新能力作为国有ä¼ä¸šè€ƒæ ¸çš„é‡è¦æŒ‡æ ‡,把技术è¦ç´ å‚与分é…作为高新技术ä¼ä¸šäº§æƒåˆ¶åº¦æ”¹é©çš„é‡è¦å†…容。åšæŒåº”用开å‘ç±»ç§‘ç ”æœºæž„ä¼ä¸šåŒ–转制的方å‘,深化ä¼ä¸šåŒ–è½¬åˆ¶ç§‘ç ”æœºæž„äº§æƒåˆ¶åº¦ç‰æ–¹é¢çš„改é©,å½¢æˆå®Œå–„的管ç†ä½“制和åˆç†ã€æœ‰æ•ˆçš„激励机制,使之在高新技术产业化和行业技术创新ä¸å‘挥骨干作用。五è¦è¥é€ 良好创新环境,扶æŒä¸å°ä¼ä¸šçš„技术创新活动。ä¸å°ä¼ä¸šç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯ç§‘技型ä¸å°ä¼ä¸šæ˜¯å¯Œæœ‰åˆ›æ–°æ´»åŠ›ä½†æ‰¿å—创新风险能力较弱的ä¼ä¸šç¾¤ä½“。è¦ä¸ºä¸å°ä¼ä¸šåˆ›é€ 更为有利的政ç–环境,在市场准入ã€åä¸æ£å½“竞争ç‰æ–¹é¢,èµ·è‰å’Œåˆ¶å®šæœ‰åˆ©äºŽä¸å°ä¼ä¸šå‘展的相关法律ã€æ”¿ç–；积æžå‘展支æŒä¸å°ä¼ä¸šçš„科技投èžèµ„ä½“ç³»å’Œåˆ›ä¸šé£Žé™©æŠ•èµ„æœºåˆ¶ï¼›åŠ å¿«ç§‘æŠ€ä¸ä»‹æœåŠ¡æœºæž„建设,为ä¸å°ä¼ä¸šæŠ€æœ¯åˆ›æ–°æä¾›æœåŠ¡ã€‚
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