Many people should remember the first time they used a mobile phone to receive a newsletter or download a web page. Now, mobile phones can download high-resolution movies in just a few seconds, and the transfer rate is higher than the previous first laptop. However, the goal of the wireless network in the future is not just to make the download faster.
Within ten years, the number of connected devices will be more than ten times that of connected users. Therefore, the future wireless standards will continue to evolve, in order to meet the needs of new cases, the network can not only connect different people, but also connect objects.
In addition to using new wireless technologies, these features must rely on new instruments and lower prices. Future devices need to be able to perform wireless testing in new ways, so with National Instruments (NI) as an example, the company continues to improve the PXI platform and meet the challenges of future wireless testing.
ITU plans wireless technology to use the next three major use cases The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) proposes a vision for the 2020 International Mobile Communications (IMT-2020) and points to the needs of future wireless standards based on multiple use cases. This vision provides an exchange framework for 5G technology needs and illustrates three different use cases (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Three 5G use cases
These use cases specifically point to the needs of future mobile communication standards, and also reflect the ever-changing needs of technologies such as 802.11ad, 802.11ax, Bluetooth 5.0 and NFC.
The first wireless use case, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), illustrates the expected future growth of wireless technologies in terms of network capabilities and spike data rates. The eMBB (enhance Mobile BroadBand) technology uses a larger bandwidth and combines a higher-order modulation mechanism with MIMO/beamforming technology, so the peak data rate that can be achieved is higher. Especially in the 5G aspect, the eMBB use case can achieve a 10Gbit/s downlink transmission rate, which is 100 times faster than the single carrier LTE.
The second wireless use case, "Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC)", provides wireless networks for more places and devices at a lower cost. By connecting more devices to more locations, mMTC technology will be able to connect to traffic lights, cars and even highways in smart cities.
Soon after, the need to connect more devices in more industrial IoT applications in an affordable way will drive the development of new mobile technologies such as M2M communications and narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT).
Finally, the third use case is "ultra-reliable machine type communication (uMTC)". At this time, the latency and packet error rate became two key requirements for wireless networks. For example, doctors can perform remote surgery through robots connected via a wireless network, or they can learn about accidents in front of them and avoid large-scale serial accidents. In both applications, a stable wireless communication link not only provides convenience but also saves lives.
The need for wireless technology in the future will not only drive the development of new wireless standards, but also the way engineers design and test mobile devices. For example, 5G and future standards must be equipped with high-bandwidth RF instruments due to their wide bandwidth. In addition, multi-antenna technology such as MIMO and beamforming requires modular flexible instrument control to effectively test single-antenna devices, 8&TImes; 8 MIMO devices and other devices. Finally, lower-priced radios must also be paired with lower-cost wireless test methods. Radios together account for 20% of the current total solution, so next-generation test equipment must provide faster, more varied parallel test methods.
Evolution of vector signal transceiversIn 2012, NI released the new PXI Vector Signal Transceiver (VST). This VST is very special, combining a 6GHz RF signal generator and analyzer in a single PXI module, as well as an FPGA that can be set by the user. This instrument not only provides excellent RF performance, but is suitable for a variety of applications such as R&D and manufacturing testing. It also has a user-configurable FPGA that can perform different applications such as measurement acceleration and channel simulation.
However, wireless technology has been evolving, and the way RF design and testing must be followed. As a result, NI introduced the second-generation VST to provide greater bandwidth, frequency range, and FPGA in a smaller form factor.
Increasing bandwidth requirements, instruments must take the leadOver the past decade, wireless standards have evolved, enabling the use of wider bandwidth channels and higher peak data rates. For example, Wi-Fi has gradually increased from 20MHz in 2003 to 40MHz, and today's 802.11ax standard can even reach 160MHz.
The mobile channel jumped from 200 kHz for GSM to 100 MHz for LTE-Advanced technology today. Future technologies such as LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G will further drive such trends.
Especially when testing semiconductor devices, the bandwidth requirements of the instrument often exceed the signal bandwidth. For example, in the case of digital predistortion (DPD), when testing an RF power amplifier (PA), it is necessary to use the test equipment to capture the PA model, perform corrections for non-linear motion, and thereby generate the correct waveform.
In most cases, the advanced DPD algorithm requires 3 to 5 times the RF signal bandwidth (Figure 2). In this way, under the LTE-Advanced (100MHz signal) standard, 500MHz instrument bandwidth may be required, and for 802.11ac/ax (160MHz signal), the instrument bandwidth must be as high as 800MHz.
Figure 2 DPD algorithm using 5 times the signal bandwidth
The biggest improvement in the second-generation VST performance is the increase in instantaneous bandwidth: up to 1 GHz. Engineers can use the second-generation VST with a large bandwidth to solve the application challenges that cannot be overcome by current instrument control.
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