1 Introduction
With the rapid development of modern science and technology, electronic, power electronics, and electrical equipment are becoming more and more widely used. The high-density, wide-spectrum electromagnetic signals generated by them in operation fill the entire space and form a complex electromagnetic environment. Complex electromagnetic environments require electronic equipment and power supplies with higher electromagnetic compatibility. Therefore, the technology for suppressing electromagnetic interference has also received more and more attention. Grounding, shielding and filtering are the three major measures to suppress electromagnetic interference. The following mainly introduces the EMI filter used in the power supply and its basic principle and correct application method.
2. The role of the noise filter in the power supply equipment
The power supply of electronic equipment, such as 220V/50Hz AC grid or 115V/400Hz alternator, has various EMI noises, including artificial EMI interference sources, such as radio transmission of various radar, navigation, communication and other equipment. The signal will induce electromagnetic interference signals on the power cable and the connecting cable of the electronic device. The electric rotating machine and the ignition system will generate transient process and radiated noise interference in the inductive load circuit. There are also natural interference sources such as lightning. The phenomenon of discharge and the interference of noise in the universe, the former has a short duration but a large energy, and the latter has a wide frequency range. In addition, thermal noise is generated when the electronic circuit components themselves operate.
These electromagnetic interference noises, through the coupling of radiation and conduction, can affect the normal operation of various electronic devices operating in this environment.
On the other hand, electronic devices also generate a variety of electromagnetic interference noise during operation. For example, digital circuits use pulse signals (square waves) to represent logical relationships. Fourier analysis of their pulse waveforms shows that the harmonic spectrum is very wide. In addition, there are a variety of pulse trains with repeated frequencies in the digital circuit. These pulse trains contain more harmonics, wider spectrum, and more complicated electromagnetic interference noise.
Various types of regulated power supplies are themselves a source of electromagnetic interference. In a linear regulated power supply, the unidirectional pulsating current formed by rectification also causes electromagnetic interference; the switching power supply has the advantages of small size and high efficiency, and is widely used in modern electronic equipment, but because it is in power conversion When it is in the state of switching, it is a very strong source of EMI noise, and its EMI noise has a wide frequency range and high intensity. These electromagnetic interference noises also pollute the electromagnetic environment by radiation and conduction, thus affecting the normal operation of other electronic devices.
For electronic equipment, when EMI noise affects the analog circuit, the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal transmission is deteriorated. In severe cases, the signal to be transmitted is overwhelmed by EMI noise and cannot be processed. When EMI noise affects digital circuits, it can cause logic errors and lead to erroneous results.
For the power supply device, in addition to the power conversion circuit, there are also a drive circuit, a control circuit, a protection circuit, an input/output level detection circuit, etc., and the circuit is quite complicated. These circuits are mainly composed of general-purpose or application-specific integrated circuits. When a malfunction occurs due to electromagnetic interference, the power supply is stopped, and the electronic device cannot work normally. The use of the grid noise filter can effectively prevent the power supply from malfunctioning due to external electromagnetic noise interference.
In addition, part of the EMI noise entering from the power input terminal may appear at the output end of the power supply. It generates an induced voltage in the load circuit of the power supply, which causes the circuit to malfunction or interfere with the signal transmitted in the circuit. These problems can also be prevented by noise filters.
The effect of using a noise filter in a power supply device is as follows:
(1) Preventing external electromagnetic noise from interfering with the operation of the control circuit of the power supply device itself;
(2) Preventing external electromagnetic noise from interfering with the load of the power supply;
(3) suppressing EMI generated by the power supply device itself;
(4) Suppressing EMI generated by other devices and transmitted through the power supply.
When the switching power supply itself is working and the electronic equipment is in the working state of the switch, terminal noise will appear at the input end of the power supply device, generating radiation and conduction interference, and also entering the AC power grid to interfere with other electronic devices, so effective measures must be taken to suppress . Electromagnetic shielding is the best way to suppress radiated interference from EMI noise. In terms of suppressing conducted interference of EMI noise, the use of EMI filters is a very effective means, and of course, good grounding measures should be used.
In the world, strict electromagnetic noise restriction rules have been implemented in various countries, such as FCC in the United States and FTZ and VDE in Germany. If the electronic device does not meet the noise limit rules, the product cannot be sold and used.
For all of the above reasons, it is necessary to design and use a grid noise filter that meets the requirements in the power supply equipment.
3. EMI noise and filter type
There are two types of EMI noise on the input leads of the power supply: common mode noise and differential mode noise, as shown in Figure 1. The EMI noise existing between the AC input lead and the ground is called its common mode noise, and it can be regarded as an interference signal with the same potential and the same phase transmitted on the AC input line, that is, the voltages V1 and V2 of FIG. The EMI noise existing between the AC input leads is called differential mode noise, and it can be regarded as an interference signal with a phase difference of 180° transmitted on the AC input line, that is, the voltage V3 in FIG. The common mode noise is the interference current flowing from the AC input line to the earth, and the differential mode noise is the interference current flowing between the AC input lines. Conducted EMI noise on any power supply input line can be represented by common mode and differential mode noise, and these two types of EMI noise can be considered as independent EMI sources to suppress.
When suppressing electromagnetic interference noise, it is mainly considered to suppress common mode noise, because common mode noise accounts for the main part in the full frequency domain, especially in the high frequency domain, and the differential mode noise accounts for a large proportion in the low frequency domain, so it should be based on This feature of EMI noise is used to select the appropriate EMI filter.
The noise filter for power supply can be divided into an integrated type and a discrete type according to the shape. The integrated type encapsulates an inductor coil, a capacitor, etc. in a metal or plastic case; the discrete type mounts an inductor coil, a capacitor, etc. on a printed board, and constitutes a noise suppression filter. Which form to use depends on cost, characteristics, installation space, etc. The integrated cost is high, the characteristics are good, the installation is flexible; the discrete cost is low, but the shielding is not good, and it can be freely distributed on the printed board.
4, the basic structure of the noise filter
The power EMI noise filter is a passive low-pass filter that transmits AC power to the power supply without attenuation, and greatly attenuates the EMI noise transmitted with the AC power. At the same time, it can effectively suppress the EMI noise generated by the power supply device and prevent it. They enter the AC grid and interfere with other electronic devices.
The basic structure of the single-phase AC grid noise filter is shown in Figure 2. It is a four-terminal passive network composed of lumped parameter components. The main components used are common mode inductors L1 and L2, differential mode inductors L3 and L4, and common mode capacitors CY1 and CY2 and differential mode capacitor CX. If this filter network is placed at the input of the power supply, L1 and CY1 and L2 and CY2 respectively form a low-pass filter between the two independent ports on the AC incoming line, which can attenuate the common mode interference existing on the AC incoming line. Noise, preventing them from entering the power supply. The common mode inductor is used to attenuate the common mode noise on the AC incoming line. L1 and L2 are generally wound in the same direction on the ferrite core of the closed magnetic circuit, and are connected to the circuit in L1 and L2. The magnetic fluxes generated by the alternating currents in the coils cancel each other out, so that the magnetic core does not cause saturation of the magnetic flux, and the inductance values ​​of the two coils are larger in the common mode state and remain unchanged.
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