With the popularity of smartphones, users' desire for network speed and abundant data traffic has become the third major necessity in today's society except air and water. Whether on the move or at home, we always expect to be able to use a fast and stable network connection.
Because of this, the network is facing a huge capacity shortage crisis. The mobile society has huge demand for data and loves all kinds of high-bandwidth applications. Therefore, the pressure on wireless networks is increasing. The networks under pressure are trying to keep up with the development of the times. This is in the long-term evolution of LTE. Especially in the middle. An effective way to solve the capacity problem is to shape the sector. This is an ingenious way to shape the shape of the antenna pattern, enabling operators to exploit more capacity, increase coverage, and limit interference. Sector shaping handles all of these issues and helps improve network performance by controlling interference between sectors. In addition, it helps to increase the number of channels for user access.
antenna
Antennas are an important and critical component of wireless systems and the most visible component of wireless networks. Antennas come in different shapes and sizes and are built for specific purposes. The surrounding distance that the antenna function can reach is called a cellular, and a plurality of cells like this form a cellular network. By reallocating specific frequencies within a particular cell, these cells can also be reused to increase network capacity. Typically, cells are represented by interlocking hexagonal patterns. Depending on the density of the area being served, these hexagons may be a few miles long, or only a few hundred feet long.
Sector shaping
Channel sensitivity is limited by external interference, rather than historically being limited by noise issues like old-fashioned radio communications. Through its directional patterning expertise using directional antennas (including azimuth (horizontal) and vertical (vertical)), sector shaping can be used with minimal interference to adjacent cells. Achieve precise coverage.
Energy overlap between adjacent cells and sectors is a key performance indicator. The sector power ratio is a comparison of the signal power obtained in and out of a desired receiving area as a result of a certain antenna radiation pattern. The lower the ratio, the better the performance of the antenna.
In cellular network applications, the higher the sector power ratio, the higher the interference between the antennas in adjacent coverage areas. Due to the competition of signals in overlapping areas, interference may increase and eventually degrade performance. This can lead to performance issues such as dropped calls; to prevent such interference, accurate sector segmentation planning must be performed.
To support a large amount of voice and data traffic, the cellular network reuses frequency or channel coding multiple times throughout the network. In general, cells operating on similar frequencies or codes face high levels of interference that can be minimized using sector shaping techniques. Through the shaping of the sectors and the resulting increase in the degree of interference constraints, the same frequency or channel coding can be reused in cells that are close together, while also improving spectral efficiency, capacity and network performance.
As the density of cellular base stations increases, the coverage of a single cellular base station is often reduced in order to reduce interference between cells. One can reduce the coverage by reducing the height of the antenna, but this is usually not desirable because it increases the chance of placing the antenna under many surrounding obstacles such as buildings or plant foliage. Another way to reduce the coverage area is by using the sector antenna beam tilt or down. The so-called beam tilt refers to the tilt of the vertical pattern of the antenna. Doing so reduces the coverage in the horizontal direction - in which interference to adjacent cellular base stations occurs.
This is most easily achieved by mechanically tilting the entire sector antenna using an adjustment bracket supplied by most antenna vendors. However, the coverage is much reduced in the normal direction of the antenna, and less in other angles away from the normal. This phenomenon is also known as "direction deformation."
Advanced networks use the electrical downtilt to properly tilt the vertical beam of the sector antenna. The antenna will still remain upright, and the beam tilt is achieved by changing the electrical phase delivered to each component. This helps achieve a consistent reduction in cellular coverage. This angle of inclination can be increased without enlarging the "pattern distortion".
In addition, the electrical downtilt can be achieved using advanced antenna system remote control; advanced antenna systems will become more important as more complex technologies such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) migrate.
Use fewer antennas to meet higher capacity needsSince the cellular antenna is directional, it can usually cover 120 degrees, so if three sets of such antennas are mounted together on a triangular tower, all directions can be covered. In densely populated areas, increased traffic can be processed using a narrower focusing antenna called the six-sector scheme. The program is an effective way to increase capacity, but it is limited in its implementation because it requires the use of two antenna faces, but only one is needed before – this can lead to weight and wind load problems.
This problem can be overcome with a multi-beam antenna; for example, a multi-beam antenna can generate two independent 38-degree beams with the two beam centers separated by 60 degrees. This dual beam approach provides excellent coverage and requires only three antennas instead of six independent single beam antennas. For higher capacity requirements in high-density capacity areas, antennas that use narrower beams can even provide capacity for the most demanding areas. Alternative options such as 3-beam, 5-beam, and even 18-beam antennas have shapes that can significantly increase capacity, and can also increase signal-to-noise ratio by increasing antenna gain and constraining interference to other sectors, thereby increasing data throughput.
Looking to the futureThere are many new technologies currently under development, and today's most-watched front-end networks are collectively referred to as LTE networks, with the potential to revolutionize network performance. The LTE network uses a concept called "Multiple Input Multiple Output" (MIMO), which divides data transmission into multiple data streams and uses multiple antennas to simultaneously transmit these data streams on the same frequency.
MIMO can cope with the typical RF communication constraints defined by Shannon's Law, which makes MIMO performance so outstanding. Shannon's law governs the throughput of transmissions at a particular bandwidth. In practice, you can only expect to get less than 3dB of theoretical maximum bandwidth, and with 2x2 MIMO, you can double the capacity of traditional 3G networks that are subject to this law.
If one wants to maximize the MIMO potential, then the interference needs to be minimized. In view of this, for 4G/LTE networks, sector shaping becomes more important. The increasing demand for faster speeds and seamless services means that choosing the right antenna and using sector shaping technology will be an important consideration for all operators.
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