Automotive lamps have evolved from the most primitive candle lamps to the most widely used incandescent lamps. In recent years, new HID lamps and LED lamps have appeared. Since the R8, the first Audi family fitted with LED headlights, has been exposed, international high-end car manufacturers such as Mercedes, BMW, Toyota, and Ford have introduced new models of sedan with colorful LED lamps to attract customers, especially Japanese cars have been widely used for LED applications. It is known as a car lamp that does not need to replace the bulb in one life, and is one of the most dazzling products in the world of automotive electronics.
LED lights features and classification
LED lights have the following advantages:
First, good color, rich colors and rich. The color saturation reaches 130% full color, making the light more clear and soft.
Second, long life and good earthquake resistance. LED is a semiconductor device. Unlike incandescent lamps, there are no vulnerable moving parts such as glass and tungsten. The failure is extremely low and maintenance-free is possible.
Third, light no delay, fast response time. LED startup time is only a few tens of nanoseconds, and the startup time is much shorter than that of incandescent bulbs, which leaves the driver with more response time.
Fourth, high efficiency and low energy consumption. LED light source does not need to filter color can produce the red, amber and other colors needed by automotive lighting directly, no loss, the power utilization rate is as high as 80%.
Fifth, small size and light weight. With its characteristics, it can design thin, light, and compact all kinds of luminaires, providing space for car styling design.
Six, green lighting. The LED spectrum has good monochromaticity, no excess infrared, ultraviolet and other spectra, does not contain mercury harmful substances, heat, radiation is very small.
7. The luminous flux of a single LED is small. At present, the research level of luminous flux of a single LED can reach 120 lm/W, and the product level is ≤60 lm/W, and high-power LEDs are often required to increase the size of the heat sink. Therefore, the LED light source generally adopts an LED array design method.
Domestic LED lights application status
The first LED automotive lamp in China was a Santana high brake light that was jointly developed by Shanghai Automotive Electronics Engineering Center and Shanghai Xiaolan Lights Co., Ltd. and certified by Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Company in 1999. Since then, the development of LED lights has been slow. In 2002, China's accession to the WTO, the growth of automotive output in 2003 was blowout-type growth, the world's major auto companies have set up factories in China, China's Chery, Geely and other privately-owned enterprises with independent ownership of the rapid rise, the automotive market Pulled the development of LED lights in China. In 2003, we successfully launched the Buick Regal concept car with a full range of LED headlights in addition to headlamps. In the second half of 2004, the high growth rate of China's autos declined, the competition in the auto market was unprecedentedly fierce, and new models and new models were introduced continuously, accelerating the development of new LED lights. Shanghai Automotive Electronics Engineering Center and Shanghai Xiaoxuan Automobile Light Company launched 25 developments of LED headlights in 2004 and more than 30 in 2005. Among them, Toyota, General Motors, and Chery Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. put forward the demand for four LED signal lamps of four models. This shows that LED applications in automobiles have broken through the range of high brake small lamps, marking China's LED Signal car lamps entered a new phase.
When the Fairmont came on the 2nd generation, the LED steering/reversing lights became a great highlight of the car. “The side turn lights, high brake lights, brake lights, and taillights have been used more and more in domestic high-end cars. In the field of LED lights, the company mainly focuses on small lamps,†said Jiang Yan, head of the electronic technology department of Shanghai Xiaoyi Lamp Co., Ltd. Focused on the combination of rear lights, side-view side turn lights, and high-level brake lights, the company has successfully developed LED rear light products for the Cadillac Series, Buick Wing Royale, Toyota MARKX, etc.; now LED is gradually being used in interior lighting, etc. ."
Domestic LED lamp development bottlenecks
In the automotive LED field, there are currently no domestic companies specializing in production. Only a few optoelectronic industry bases are doing research and development in this area.
The bottleneck in the domestic automotive LED market development mainly comes from the following three aspects:
First of all, the production cost of LED lights is too high. The production technology of LED chips is difficult and the threshold is high. The temperature, humidity, power supply and dust removal requirements for the crystal growth process are very strict. In the initial stage, huge investments are required to build industrial park-style factories. At present, the LED chip is mainly produced in Taiwan, China, which occupies 47% of the LED market. In China, many LED factories are only resin-encapsulated, and chips need to be imported in large quantities, which is the main reason for the high cost. In fact, the high cost of LED lights is not the main issue. After the quality and batch problems are solved, the prices will naturally come down, but it is also not expected that the LED will fall to the same price as incandescent lamps. However, we believe that the price of LED lights will not be an obstacle to its development. LED lights will replace incandescent headlights just as expensive incandescent lamps replaced candle lights.
Second, due to the small number of self-owned cars in China, and mainly in the low-end car, the demand for LED is very limited. The foreign brands that occupy the major market share of domestic cars have very strict selection and certification of LED suppliers. It is difficult for domestic LED companies to enter into their supply chains. However, with the rise of private-owned cars with independent intellectual property rights, one or two or even more new models will be introduced each year. Due to the rapid renewal of automotive lighting, joint ventures are under competitive pressure, using LED lights as a selling point in the market and localization. The intention of purchasing LED to reduce costs is gradually increasing, which will be a development opportunity for domestic LED companies.
Again, domestic LED-based LED products, it is difficult to achieve automotive LED standards. Jin Rongqi, an engineer at the Hella automotive lighting R&D center Changchun Co., Ltd., said that only through a breakthrough in product patent technology can it be possible to have a place in the LED-related application market. At present, it is very difficult for domestic companies to purchase LED lights for foreign vehicles. The production line equipment, the most important of which are the chip production equipment, cannot be purchased, and the technical barriers set abroad are tight.
Domestic LED lights development prospects
At present, there are 20 million households that have the ability to purchase cars in China, and China may become the third largest automobile market in the world, accounting for 6% of the global share, second only to the United States and Japan. By 2025, the scale of China's auto market will reach the current size of the US auto market. In 2002, China's automobile production and sales volume was 3.25 million units. In 2003, the sales volume reached 4.3 million units. In 2004, the sales volume reached 5.15 million units. China has become the fastest growing area of ​​automobile sales in the world today.
In the next decade or so, competition in the automotive market is, by its very nature, the competition in automotive electronics. It is predicted that the price of automotive electronic products in vehicle costs will exceed 45%. The new and intelligent LED lamps are one of the most dazzling products in the automotive electronics world. Experts predict that in the next five years, China's LED car lights will develop rapidly. In the next few years, an annual output value of RMB 1 billion will be formed. Within five years, an annual output value of RMB 3 billion will be formed.
From the LED car light technology development status and trend, China's LED high brake light will be further popularized, the price will steadily decline, LED rear brake lights, turn signals and fog lights will begin commercialization, LED car lighting to individual and artistic The direction of development, while the LED intelligent control system will also develop rapidly.
History of car lights
The evolution of automobile lamps and lanterns occurs with the change of car light sources, and generally goes through the following four stages:
The first generation of automotive light source is directly combusted and emitted by fuel (candle, kerosene, or acetylene). It can meet the requirements of the early lights, but there are obvious disadvantages such as low luminous efficiency, weak light intensity, unstable performance, and complicated operation.
The second generation of automotive light sources is incandescent lamps. In 1879, Edison invented the incandescent lamp. In 1913, the United States first applied the incandescent lamp technology to the Cadillac car headlight. The automotive lamp has undergone a revolutionary change. Since then, the car lighting has entered the electric age. Then, new technologies such as automotive mirrors, starters, generators, and batteries were introduced. In 1925, automobiles began to enter the era of incandescent auto lamps. Tungsten halogen lamps appeared again in the 1950s, and it quickly became the main light bulb for automotive strong light sources.
The third generation car light source is a gas discharge lamp (HID). It has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, high brightness, and high reliability. It will replace incandescent lamps and tungsten halogen lamps as new light sources for automotive headlights.
The fourth generation of automotive light sources is semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs). The LED is a semiconductor PN junction diode. When a forward bias is applied to both ends of the PN junction, the PN junction system is excited. The carriers transition from the low energy state to the high energy state when the unstable carrier is in the high energy state. When compounding to a low-energy state, according to the principle of conservation of energy, excess energy is released in the form of photons, which is the principle of LED electroluminescence.
LED lights features and classification
LED lights have the following advantages:
First, good color, rich colors and rich. The color saturation reaches 130% full color, making the light more clear and soft.
Second, long life and good earthquake resistance. LED is a semiconductor device. Unlike incandescent lamps, there are no vulnerable moving parts such as glass and tungsten. The failure is extremely low and maintenance-free is possible.
Third, light no delay, fast response time. LED startup time is only a few tens of nanoseconds, and the startup time is much shorter than that of incandescent bulbs, which leaves the driver with more response time.
Fourth, high efficiency and low energy consumption. LED light source does not need to filter color can produce the red, amber and other colors needed by automotive lighting directly, no loss, the power utilization rate is as high as 80%.
Fifth, small size and light weight. With its characteristics, it can design thin, light, and compact all kinds of luminaires, providing space for car styling design.
Six, green lighting. The LED spectrum has good monochromaticity, no excess infrared, ultraviolet and other spectra, does not contain mercury harmful substances, heat, radiation is very small.
7. The luminous flux of a single LED is small. At present, the research level of luminous flux of a single LED can reach 120 lm/W, and the product level is ≤60 lm/W, and high-power LEDs are often required to increase the size of the heat sink. Therefore, the LED light source generally adopts an LED array design method.
Domestic LED lights application status
The first LED automotive lamp in China was a Santana high brake light that was jointly developed by Shanghai Automotive Electronics Engineering Center and Shanghai Xiaolan Lights Co., Ltd. and certified by Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Company in 1999. Since then, the development of LED lights has been slow. In 2002, China's accession to the WTO, the growth of automotive output in 2003 was blowout-type growth, the world's major auto companies have set up factories in China, China's Chery, Geely and other privately-owned enterprises with independent ownership of the rapid rise, the automotive market Pulled the development of LED lights in China. In 2003, we successfully launched the Buick Regal concept car with a full range of LED headlights in addition to headlamps. In the second half of 2004, the high growth rate of China's autos declined, the competition in the auto market was unprecedentedly fierce, and new models and new models were introduced continuously, accelerating the development of new LED lights. Shanghai Automotive Electronics Engineering Center and Shanghai Xiaoxuan Automobile Light Company launched 25 developments of LED headlights in 2004 and more than 30 in 2005. Among them, Toyota, General Motors, and Chery Automobile Manufacturing Co., Ltd. put forward the demand for four LED signal lamps of four models. This shows that LED applications in automobiles have broken through the range of high brake small lamps, marking China's LED Signal car lamps entered a new phase.
When the Fairmont came on the 2nd generation, the LED steering/reversing lights became a great highlight of the car. “The side turn lights, high brake lights, brake lights, and taillights have been used more and more in domestic high-end cars. In the field of LED lights, the company mainly focuses on small lamps,†said Jiang Yan, head of the electronic technology department of Shanghai Xiaoyi Lamp Co., Ltd. Focused on the combination of rear lights, side-view side turn lights, and high-level brake lights, the company has successfully developed LED rear light products for the Cadillac Series, Buick Wing Royale, Toyota MARKX, etc.; now LED is gradually being used in interior lighting, etc. ."
Domestic LED lamp development bottlenecks
In the automotive LED field, there are currently no domestic companies specializing in production. Only a few optoelectronic industry bases are doing research and development in this area.
The bottleneck in the domestic automotive LED market development mainly comes from the following three aspects:
First of all, the production cost of LED lights is too high. The production technology of LED chips is difficult and the threshold is high. The temperature, humidity, power supply and dust removal requirements for the crystal growth process are very strict. In the initial stage, huge investments are required to build industrial park-style factories. At present, the LED chip is mainly produced in Taiwan, China, which occupies 47% of the LED market. In China, many LED factories are only resin-encapsulated, and chips need to be imported in large quantities, which is the main reason for the high cost. In fact, the high cost of LED lights is not the main issue. After the quality and batch problems are solved, the prices will naturally come down, but it is also not expected that the LED will fall to the same price as incandescent lamps. However, we believe that the price of LED lights will not be an obstacle to its development. LED lights will replace incandescent headlights just as expensive incandescent lamps replaced candle lights.
Second, due to the small number of self-owned cars in China, and mainly in the low-end car, the demand for LED is very limited. The foreign brands that occupy the major market share of domestic cars have very strict selection and certification of LED suppliers. It is difficult for domestic LED companies to enter into their supply chains. However, with the rise of private-owned cars with independent intellectual property rights, one or two or even more new models will be introduced each year. Due to the rapid renewal of automotive lighting, joint ventures are under competitive pressure, using LED lights as a selling point in the market and localization. The intention of purchasing LED to reduce costs is gradually increasing, which will be a development opportunity for domestic LED companies.
Again, domestic LED-based LED products, it is difficult to achieve automotive LED standards. Jin Rongqi, an engineer at the Hella automotive lighting R&D center Changchun Co., Ltd., said that only through a breakthrough in product patent technology can it be possible to have a place in the LED-related application market. At present, it is very difficult for domestic companies to purchase LED lights for foreign vehicles. The production line equipment, the most important of which are the chip production equipment, cannot be purchased, and the technical barriers set abroad are tight.
Domestic LED lights development prospects
At present, there are 20 million households that have the ability to purchase cars in China, and China may become the third largest automobile market in the world, accounting for 6% of the global share, second only to the United States and Japan. By 2025, the scale of China's auto market will reach the current size of the US auto market. In 2002, China's automobile production and sales volume was 3.25 million units. In 2003, the sales volume reached 4.3 million units. In 2004, the sales volume reached 5.15 million units. China has become the fastest growing area of ​​automobile sales in the world today.
In the next decade or so, competition in the automotive market is, by its very nature, the competition in automotive electronics. It is predicted that the price of automotive electronic products in vehicle costs will exceed 45%. The new and intelligent LED lamps are one of the most dazzling products in the automotive electronics world. Experts predict that in the next five years, China's LED car lights will develop rapidly. In the next few years, an annual output value of RMB 1 billion will be formed. Within five years, an annual output value of RMB 3 billion will be formed.
From the LED car light technology development status and trend, China's LED high brake light will be further popularized, the price will steadily decline, LED rear brake lights, turn signals and fog lights will begin commercialization, LED car lighting to individual and artistic The direction of development, while the LED intelligent control system will also develop rapidly.
History of car lights
The evolution of automobile lamps and lanterns occurs with the change of car light sources, and generally goes through the following four stages:
The first generation of automotive light source is directly combusted and emitted by fuel (candle, kerosene, or acetylene). It can meet the requirements of the early lights, but there are obvious disadvantages such as low luminous efficiency, weak light intensity, unstable performance, and complicated operation.
The second generation of automotive light sources is incandescent lamps. In 1879, Edison invented the incandescent lamp. In 1913, the United States first applied the incandescent lamp technology to the Cadillac car headlight. The automotive lamp has undergone a revolutionary change. Since then, the car lighting has entered the electric age. Then, new technologies such as automotive mirrors, starters, generators, and batteries were introduced. In 1925, automobiles began to enter the era of incandescent auto lamps. Tungsten halogen lamps appeared again in the 1950s, and it quickly became the main light bulb for automotive strong light sources.
The third generation car light source is a gas discharge lamp (HID). It has the advantages of high luminous efficiency, high brightness, and high reliability. It will replace incandescent lamps and tungsten halogen lamps as new light sources for automotive headlights.
The fourth generation of automotive light sources is semiconductor light emitting diodes (LEDs). The LED is a semiconductor PN junction diode. When a forward bias is applied to both ends of the PN junction, the PN junction system is excited. The carriers transition from the low energy state to the high energy state when the unstable carrier is in the high energy state. When compounding to a low-energy state, according to the principle of conservation of energy, excess energy is released in the form of photons, which is the principle of LED electroluminescence.
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