We believe that higher international coal prices will support domestic coal prices; the room for rising domestic thermal coal prices will mainly depend on the profitability of the power plants. At present, 60% of domestic power plants are losing money. With the increase in on-grid tariffs by around 1 cent in some domestic provinces on April 10, the price of coal in Qinhuangdao port and the price in Tatung pit increased by RMB 5/ton. We expect that if the price of thermal coal goes up by 2%-3%, it will all swallow up the increase in on-grid tariff, and then the adjustment of on-grid tariff will lose significance. It is therefore expected that if there is no accidental bad weather, the price of thermal coal will rise less in the coming January.
Inventory continued to decline for the sixth consecutive week, falling by 7.8% to 5.9 million tons. At present, the traditional demand for thermal coal is in the off-season and the port inventory is rapidly declining. First, due to the maintenance of the Daqin Line, the supply of coal to the northern ports has been reduced. Second, due to the high international coal prices, the domestic coal import volume has decreased, forcing the southern coastal power plant. Increase coal purchases from northern ports.
The price of coke dropped, and coking coal prices stabilized. Linyi secondary metallurgical coke fell 1.7%. The average price of steel in major cities rose 0.8%; urban steel stocks fell 2.5% to 16.47 million tons. Due to the relatively modest growth in demand in the steel market, the short-term coking coal upside momentum is insufficient.
In March, raw coal imports reached 9.05 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 41% and a month-on-month increase of 34%. Raw coal exports were 2.59 million tons (the highest value since January 2009), a year-on-year increase of 15% and a 47% increase from the previous quarter.
What is Car Ethernet
Car Ethernet is a new local area network technology that uses Ethernet to connect the electronic unit in the car. Unlike traditional Ethernet, which uses 4 unshielded twisted pair cables, car Ethernet can achieve a transmission rate of 100Mbit/s or even 1Gbit/s on a single pair of unshielded twisted pair cables. At the same time, it also meets the requirements of the automotive industry for high reliability, low electromagnetic radiation, low power consumption, bandwidth allocation, low latency and synchronous real-time. The physical layer of on-board Ethernet uses BroadRReach technology, and BroadR-Reach's physical layer (PHY) technology has been standardized by the One-pair Ethernet Alliance (OPEN). Therefore, it is sometimes called Broad RReach (BRR) or OABR (Open Alliance BroadR-Reach). The MAC layer of vehicle Ethernet adopts the IEEE 802.3 interface standard and seamlessly supports widely used high-level network protocols (such as TCP/IP) without any adaptation.
On-board Ethernet protocol architecture
Vehicle-borne Ethernet and its supported upper-layer protocol architecture are shown in Figure 1. Vehicle-borne Ethernet mainly involves OSI layer 1 and Layer 2 technologies, while vehicle-borne Ethernet also supports AVB, TCP/IP, DOIP, SOME/IP and other protocols or application forms.
On-board Ethernet framework
Among them, AVB is an extension of traditional Ethernet functions, which enhances the real-time performance of traditional Ethernet audio and video transmission by adding precise clock synchronization, bandwidth reservation and other protocols, and is a network audio and video real-time transmission technology with great development potential. SOME/IP (Scalable Service-Oriented MiddlewarE on IP) specifies the video communication interface requirements for vehicle camera applications, which can be applied to the field of vehicle cameras, and realizes the mode control of driver assistance cameras through apis.
As an extension of AVB protocol, Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) introduces related technologies of time-triggered Ethernet, which can efficiently realize the transmission of automotive control information. In addition, the on-board Ethernet of the 1Gbit communication standard also supports Power Over Ethernet (POE) function and Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) function. The POE function provides power for connected terminal devices while transmitting data through twisted pair cables, eliminating the need to connect external power cables to terminals and reducing the complexity of power supply.
On-board Ethernet standardization
In terms of in-vehicle Ethernet standardization, the IEEE802.3 and IEEE802.1 working groups, AUTOSAR, the OPEN Alliance and the AVnu Alliance have played a major role in promoting it.
The IEEE802.3 local area network standard represents the mainstream Ethernet standard in the industry, and the on-board Ethernet technology is developed on the basis of IEEE802.3, so the IEEE is currently the most important international standardization body for on-board Ethernet. In order to meet the requirements of the car, it involves the development of a number of new specifications and the revision of the original specifications within the two working groups of IEEE802 and 802.1, including PHY specifications, AVB specifications, and single-wire to data line power supply. In addition, AVB related to AV transmission, timing synchronization and other specifications also need to be standardized by other technical committees of IEEE, such as IEEE1722 and IEEE1588.
OPEN Alliance
The OPEN Industry Alliance was launched in November 2011 by Broadcom, NXP, and BMW to promote the application of Ethernet-based technology standards to in-car connectivity. The main standardization goal is to develop a 100Mbit/s BroadR-R physical layer standard and develop OPEN interoperability requirements.
AUTOSAR
AUTOSAR is a consortium of automotive manufacturers, suppliers, and tool developers that aims to develop an open, standardized automotive software architecture, and the AUTOSAR specification already includes the automotive TCP/UDP/IP protocol stack.
AVnu
The AVnu Alliance was formed by Broadcom in collaboration with Cisco, Harman and Intel to promote the IEEE 802.1 AVB standard and the Time Synchronization Network (TSN) standard, establish a certification system, and address important technical and performance issues such as precise timing, real-time synchronization, bandwidth reservation, and traffic shaping.
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Shenzhen MovingComm Technology Co., Ltd. , https://www.movingcommtech.com